Influence of Periods of Starvation on Blood Ammonia and Plasma Urea Concentrations of Steers Grazing Wheat Pasture
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1 Influence f Perids f Starvatin n Bld Ammnia and Plasma Urea Cncentratins f Steers Grazing Wheat Pasture F. P. Hrn, G. W. Hrn, H. R. Crkshank, W. Jacksn, H. J. Muncrief and R. Osbrne Stry in Brief Steers were starved fr 12, 24 r 48 hurs in rder t simulate the changes in grazing behavir which ccurs in stcker cattle n wheat pasture due t the frequent mvement f severe weather frnts acrss the Suthern Great Plains. The 48-hur starvatin perids resulted in cnsiderable bdy weight lsses which were regained when the cattle were put back n wheat pasture due t rapid frage ingestin. The bld cncentratins during the perid f rapid frage ingestin were in the range f.25 t.4 mg/ioo ml and indicate that ammnia txicity per se is nt a significant cause f deaths in stcker cattle grazed n wheat pasture. Signs f blat were nt bserved in any f the cattle during the pst-starvatin grazing perids. Intrductin Amng the prblems causing death lsses in cattle grazed n wheat pasture is ne knwn as the stcker syndrme. The results f previus studies (1,2) indicate that the death lsses due t the stcker syndrme cannt be attributed t acute mineral imbalances, nitrate txicity, r clstridial txins. Based n (1) bservatins f live stcker cattle that exhibit marked abdminal distensin, (2) the relief f the distensin by the administratin f therapeutic dsages f plxalene, (3) the fact tllat sme distended live animals which were marked with paint pistls were subsequently fund dead, (4) nature f ruminal cntents f dead animals, and (5) necrpsy lesins indicative f antemrteum blat, it appears that frthy blat is a majr cause f death in stcker cattle grazed n wheat pasture (1). Anther factr that is ften mentined by prducers, and which is believed t be related t the death lsses f stcker cattle n wheat pasture, is the marked changes in grazing behavir which ccurs in these cattle in respnse t the mvement f weather frnts thrugh the area. Since wheat frage underges a very 48 Oklahma Agricultural Experiment Statin
2 rapid rate f ruminal digestin, a perid f little r n grazing fllwed by a perid f very active grazing wuld be cndusive t the blating f ca ttle. A secnd questin that has been raised relates t the fact that wheat frage is high in crude prtein with values f 14 t 33.% f the frage dry matter reprted (2). Jhnsn et al. (3) have als reprted crude prtein values f wheat frage dry matter f 25 t 31 % during January t April with 1 t 33% f the nitrgen being in the frm f nn-prtein nitrgen. These data, alng with the high ruminal ammnia cncentratins and high ruminal ph values f 6.2 t.6 (2), have prmpted the suggestin that ammnia txicity is a pssible etilgical factr in the stcker syndrme. The studies which we reprt here were cnducted t (I) examine the grazing behavir f stcker cattle n wheat pasture, and (2) the pssible invlvement f marked changes in grazing behavir with the stcker syndrme. Grazing Behavir Studies Materials and Methds During the wheat pasture grazing seasn, 3 stckers were cntinuusly bserved fr a 2-hur perid in which a severe weather frnt was frecasted t mve thrugh the area, and recrdings were made every 15 minutes as t hw many were grazing, nt grazing, nt grazing and seeking shelter, lying dwn, r drinking water. Starvatin-Refeeding Studies Twenty-eight acres f triumph winter wheat were established in mid- September, 194, at the Frt Ren Livestck Experiment Statin, and 42 stcker steers were grazed n the area frm December I, 194 t March 24, 195. Changes in grazing behavir f stckers, which ccurs due t the mvement f weather frnts, was simulated by hlding the cattle ff pasture in a drylt with access t water (starvatin) fr varying perids f time prir t being put back n wheat pasture (refeeding). Three trials (January 13-1; February 1-14; and March 1-21, 195) were cnducted in which the steers were randmly assigned t 6 experimental grups that cnsisted f 2 cntrl grups and 4 starvatin-refeeding grups. The length f the starvatin perids and the time at which starvatin was begun fr each grup f cattle is shwn in Table 1. All steers were weighed and bld samples were taken immediately befre and after each starvatin perid, and at 2, 6 and 14 hurs after the cattle were put back n wheat pasture. The bld samples were analyzed fr bld ammnia and plasma urea cncentratins. Animal Science Research
3 Table 1. Experimental Grups fr Starvatin-Refeeding Studies Grup N. t Hurs f fast Start f fast 8 P.M. 8 P.M. N. f stckers During each trial, frage samples were taken and analyzed fr the fllwing: dry matter, crude prtein, acid-detergent fiber, acid-detergent lignin, neutral-detergent fiber, ash, silica and in vitr dry matter digestibility. Results and Discussin Grazing Behavir Studies The cattle did mst f their grazing between a.m. and 12 midnight, and grazed mst intensively frm 9-1 a.m. and frm 8-1 p.m. All f the calves sught shelter immediately befre the strm frnt hit the pasture (5 p.m., 2-2-4), and did nt graze again until the weather had cleared (9 a.m., ). Once they began t graze again, they grazed very intensively fr 6 t 8 hurs. Abut 25% f the calves exhibited marked abdminal distensin at 9 hurs after the weather had cleared and were believed t be blated. These studies indicated that self-impsed perids f nn-grazing fr varius perids f time culd ccur quite frequently in stcker cattle n the Suthern Great Plains, and may be an imprtant etilgical factr in the stcker syndrme. Starvatin-Re eeding Studies The chemical cmpsitin f the wheat frage samples is shwn in Table 2. The average crude prtein cntent was 26.6% f the frage dry matter. The bdy weight changes during the 12-, 24-, r 48-hur starvatin perids, and after the cattle were put back n wheat pasture are shwn in figure 1. The lnger starvatin perids resulted in marked bdy weight lsses with the 48-hur starvatin perid effecting bdy weight lsses f 3 and 51 Ib fr grups 4 and 6, respectively. The bdy weight changes f the cattle during the 24- and 48-hur starvatin perids are indicative f the lss f cnsiderable gastrintestinal tract fill, whereas thse during the 14-hur perid after the cattle were back n pasture 5 Oklahma Agricultural Experiment Statin
4 Table 2. Chemical Cmpsitin! f Wheat Pasture Frage During Starvatin-Refeeding Studies Trial Item Av. Crude prtein Acid-detergent fiber Acid-detergent lignin Neutral-detergent fiber Ttal ash n Silica IVDMD' ]Dry matter basis. 'In vitr dry matter digestibility. indicate that N ne f the adverse signs. the cattle cnsumed substantial amunts f wheat frage. cattle, hwever, shwed any signs f blat r any ther -4 "'.<> "' '" c> c: -2 t:) -24 ";;; -28,... "'" -32,,,,,,,, J ' Time (his) Figure 1. Stcker bdy weight changes. Dashed line represents the average bdy weight lsses during starvatin. Slid lines riginating frm slid dts dente changes after the cattle were returned t pasture. Animal Science Research
5 The relative changes in the bld ammnia and plasma urea cc:>ncentratins are shwn in figures 2 and 3, respectively. Als shwn are the abslute bld ammnia and plasma urea cncentratins f the grups f cattle immediately after the starvatin perids. The bld ammnia cncentratins ranged frm apprximately 2.5 t 4p.g/ml f bld (.25 t.4 mg/1 ml f bld) and were nt greatly increased during the pststarvatin perids f rapid wheat frage intake. Even thugh wheat frage is high in prtein and nn-prtein nitrgen, the bld ammnia and plasma urea cncentratins indicate that the rate f ruminal ammnia absrptin did nt exceed the rate at which the liver was capable f cnverting it t urea, and that ammnia txicity per se is prbably nt a significant cause f deaths in cattle grazed n wheat pasture. Bld ammnia cncentratins have t reach apprximately.8 mg/ioo ml befre signs f ammnia txicity are evident, and apprximately 1.5 t 2. mg/ioo ml in rder t result in cattle deaths. ~ -6 ~. ~ -.8 e :I: 1. z.", CD O-hr Starvatin (AM 8 PM) -2.: Time(hrs) Figure 2. Changes in bld ammnia cncentratins. Dashed line represents changes during starvatin. Slid lines riginating frm slid dts dente changes after cattle were returned t pasture. Numbers in parentheses are mean bld ammnia cn. centratins fr each grup immediatley after starvatin. 52 Oklahma Agricultural Experiment Statin
6 hr Starvatin (AM 8 PM) E Q c -4 '" :5-6 E.. -8 :: (13.6)~ Time (hrs) Figure 3. Changes in plasma urea cncentratins. Dashed line represems changes during starvatin. Slid lines riginating frm slid dts dente changes after cattle were returned t pasture. Numbers in parentheses are mean plasma urea cncentratins fr each grup immediately after starvatin. Literature Cited 1. Clay, B. R Research Reprt P-69, Okla. Agric. Exper. Sta. p Hrn, F. P. et al Anical Sciences and Industry Research Reprt, MP-92. Okla. Agric. Eper. Sta. & V.S.D.A. p.. 3. Jhnsn, R. R. et al Animal Sciences and Industry Research Reprt, MP-92. Okla. Agric. Exper. Sta. & V.S.D.A. p. 3. Animal Science Research
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