Effect of drying on Cyromazine Loss from Surface- Applied Caged-Layer Manure

Transcription

1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Tehnial Reports Arkansas Water Resoures Center Effet of drying on Cyromazine Loss from Surfae- Applied Caged-Layer Manure T. C. aniel University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. H. Pote University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. R. Edwards University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: Part of the Fresh Water Studies Commons, Hydrology Commons, Soil Siene Commons, and the Water Resoure Management Commons Reommended Citation aniel, T. C.; Pote,. H.; and Edwards,. R Effet of drying on Cyromazine Loss from Surfae-Applied Caged-Layer Manure. Arkansas Water Resoures Center, Fayetteville, AR. PUB This Tehnial Report is brought to you for free and open aess by the Arkansas Water Resoures Center at SholarWorks@UARK. It has been aepted for inlusion in Tehnial Reports by an authorized administrator of SholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please ontat middle@uark.edu, drowens@uark.edu, sholar@uark.edu.

2 EFFECT OF RYING ON CYROMAZINE LOSS FROM SURF'ACE-APPLIE CAGE-LAYEF MANURE T. C. aniel and. R. Pote epart.m~nt of ~qronomy and.r. Edwards epartment o f Biologial and Agriultural Engine.ering R~ s ea rh Projet Tehnial Compl etion Report for projet titled "Effet. of Land Appl iati on of Caged Litter Waste on yromazi ne Loss in the Runoff" Projet No. G Tho r e searh on whih this report i s based was finaned in part by the United States epartment of the Interior as authorized by the Water Resear h and evelopment At of 1987 {P.L ). Arkans as Wa t er Resouros Researh Center Universi ty of Ar kansas 113 Ozarx Ball Fayetteville, AR 7271 Publiation No. 162 July 1, June 3, 1993 Content s of this publ iation do not neessarily reflet the 1'i ews and poliies of the U. S. epartment of tha IntBrior, nor doc!s mention of trade names or ormie.r ial produts onstitute their endorsoment or reommendati on of or usc' by the. U. S Govor n.men t. The University of Arkansas, in ompliane with federal and state laws and regulat ions governing affirmative ation a nd nondisr iminati on, does not disriminate i n tne rer uitment, admission and empl oyment of students, f aulty and staff in the operation of any of i ts eduational programs and a t i v i t i es as defined by 1-aw. Aordingly, nothing in this publ i ation should be viowqd as diretly or indiret ly expressing any l if'l'litat ion, speifiat i on or di sriminat i on a s to r ae, religion, olor, or nati onal or igin ; or to handiap, age, sex, or stat us as a disabled Viet11am- era veteran, e xept as p rovided by law. Inquiries oner ni ng t his p ol i y may be direted to the Af f i rmative Ation Off ier.

3 r Q lj b l L Abstrat. List of figures Aknowledgements Introdution. A. Purpose and Objetives TABLE OF CONTENTS B. Related Researh and Ativities Methods and Proedures.. Prinipal Findings and Signifiane. Conlusions Literature ited

4 ABSTRACT EFFECT OF RYING ON CYROMAZINE LOSS FROM SURFACE-APPLIE CAGE-LAYER MANURE In Arkansas, muh of the environmental onern related to water quality has foused on the high volume of poultry feal waste spread on the surf ae of loal pastures to fertilize forage grass. Cyromazine (N-ylopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6- triamine), a feed-through larviide used to ontrol house flies (Musa domestia), is often a omponent of aged-layer manure. Cyromazine is quite soluble and stable in water, and previous researh has shown that it an be readily washed from pasture plots by intense rainfall. Therefore, a study was onduted to evaluate inreased drying time as a best management pratie tehnique for reduing yromazine runoff losses from pasture fertilized with aged-layer manure. The objetive of this study was to ompare yromaz ine runoff losses from plots with different drying intervals between the manure appliation and first rainfall event. Fesue plots with uniform slope and dimensions were used to simulate pasture. Eah plot had a runoff olletor and borders to isolate plot runoff. Manure was analyzed for yromazine ontent, applied to the plot surfae at Mg/ha, and allowed to dry for 1 or 7 days. Simulated rain was then applied at 5 mm/h to generate 3 min of runoff from eah 3

5 : plot. Plots with manure that dried for 7 days had signifiantly less runoff than both the ontrol plots that dried for 7 days and manure plots that dried for only 1 day. Analyses of runoff samples indiated that inreased drying time following manure appliation redued the amount of surf ae runoff and redued the onentration of yromazine in the runoff. The resulting derease in yromazine runoff loss implies that inreased drying time may serve as an effetive best management pratie for reduing yromazine losses in runoff from pastures fertilized with aged-layer manure. T.C. aniel,.h. Pote, and.r. Edwards u Keywords Poultry Manure Cyromazine Agriulture / Pestiides / Water Quality / / Surf ae Runoff / Solute Transport / 4

6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Effet of drying time on mean runoff from pasture plots treated with aged-layer manure r Figure 2. surfae runoff during a simulated rainfall event from two pasture plots treated with aged-layer manure Figure 3. Effet of drying time on yromazine onentration in runoff from pasture plots treated with agedlayer manure Figure 4. Cyromazine onentration during a simulated rainfall event in runoff from two pasture plots treated with aged-layer manure Figure 5. Effet of drying time on perent loss of yromazine in runoff from pasture plots treated with aged-layer manure O Figure 6. Cyromazine perent loss during a simulated rainfall event in runoff from two pasture plots treated with aged-layer manure

7 LJ ACKNOWLEGEMENTS The support of the U. s. epartment of the Interior, Geologial Survey (funding ageny), Arkansas Water Resoures Center, CIBA-GEIGY Corporation, and sunbest Farms is greatly appreiated. The authors are also grateful to the following individuals who played key roles in this study: J. Mattie, P. Adams, J. Nihols,. Ferguson, o. Wikliff, and J. Murdoh. G L 6

8 INTROUCTION Environmental regulatory agenies and the general publi have beome onerned reently about possible ontamination of regional water supplies by various loal industries, inluding agriultural industries. In Arkansas, muh of the I environmental onern related to water quality has foused on the poultry industry beause it is a large, onentrated, growing industry that produes a high volume of feal waste. In fat, the Arkansas poultry industry is the single largest agriultural industry in the state and led the nation in 199 by produing over 95 million broilers, 3.6 billion eggs, 22 million turkeys, and approximately 1.7 million metri tons (dry weight) of poultry feal waste (USA, 1991; Moore et al., 1994). Most of Arkansas' poultry prodution is onentrated in the northwestern orner of the state. This same area also reeives nearly all of the state's poultry feal waste, thus allowing produers to avoid the expense of transporting it over long distanes. isposal of the feal waste relies heavily on land appliation without inorporation. Most poultry manure is spread on the surfae of nearby pastures to fertilize the forage grass, usually at a rate of 2-5 tons (dry weight) of poultry manure/are. Al though the pratie of spreading poultry manure suffiiently meets the fertilizer needs of most forages, it may also ause water quality problems. Heavy 7

9 r manure appliations losely followed by intense rainfall an signifiantly inrease the onentrations of manure onstituents in pasture runoff (Edwards and aniel, 1993), thus reduing the quality of nearby surfae water. Constituents of poultry manure that may ause water-quality problems inlude nitrogen, phosphorus, arbon, miroorganisms, and sometimes pestiides. Pestiides are ommonly used in the poultry industry to ontrol inset populations that develop due to dense animal onfinement. House flies (Musa domestia) reprodue rapidly in wet manure and an beome a partiularly serious problem in late spring and summer, when warm, humid weather may failitate the development of extremely large fly populations. The pestiide ommonly used to ontrol fly populations in aged-layer operations is yromazine (N-ylopropyl-1,3,5- triazine-2,4,6-triamine), marketed under the trade name { u Larvadex. This ompound, a feed-through larviide, is intermittently added to hen feed at a rate of 5 mg/kg during the late spring and summer months, passed unaltered through the animal's digestive trat, and exreted in the manure at residue levels apable of preventing the maturation of fly larvae (Miller and Corley, 1978). Cyromazine is a relatively stable ompound ompared to other pestiides, allowing it to linger in the manure as an effetive larviide. Brake et al. (1991) reported that yromazine ontinued to show larviidal ativity in aged- 8

10 layer manure 2 weeks after it was removed from the feed supply. The half-life for yromazine in aerobi soil is approximately 142 days (CIBA-GEIGY Corporation, 199). In water or under anaerobi soil onditions, yromazine is onsidered to be stable. Beause of its high stability, yromazine has the potential to be very persistent in the environment. Lim et al. (199) reported that melamine (1,3,5- triazine-2,4,6-triamine) is the primary metabolite produed from yromazine deomposition. yromazine also has a relatively high water solubility when ompared to other pestiides. At 22 C, the solubility of yromazine in distilled water is g L- 1 (CIBA-GEIGY Corporation, 199). yromazine has relatively low adsorption oeffiients (Kd values of 1-5) for soils low in organi matter. This high water solubility and low Kd failitate distribution in the manure, but also inrease the potential for transport in pasture runoff. A reent study at the University of Arkansas showed that when yromazine was present in aged-layer manure spread on grass plots and a runoff event ourred soon after the manure appliation, some yromazine was dissolved and transported in the runoff (aniel et al., 1992). The study also showed that heavier manure appliations and/or higher rainfall intensity inreased runoff and total yromazine loss in the runoff. Lysimeters were used to sample soil water in the vadose zone at the 6-m depth. sine neither yromazine nor melamine was l 9

11 deteted in any of the soil water samples, the study gave no indiation that these ompounds would be any threat to ground water quality beneath pastures treated with aged-layer manure. However, the yromazine perentage losses (up to 23.7%) deteted in the surfae runoff were relatively large when ompared with losses of other pestiides. A. Purpose and Objetives. The researh reported here was initiated in an effort to identify a best management pratie (BMP) that would redue yromazine runoff losses from pasture fertilized with agedlayer manure. The experiment was onduted in the summer of 1992, and evaluated inreased drying time as a tehnique for reduing yromazine runoff loss. The objetive was to ompare yromazine runoff losses from plots with different drying intervals between the manure appliation and first rainfall event. B. Related Researh and Ativities. Aside from the University of Arkansas study mentioned in the introdution of this report, the literature ontains no researh data regarding pestiide loss as a result of land appliation of poultry manure. However, a few researhers have studied the ontamination of surf ae and ground water by other omponents of land-applied poultry waste. Sine some of these other omponents are also very soluble in water, they 1

12 may be transported in a manner similar to that of yromazine. Therefore, a brief review of some other researh on transport of manure omponents in surfae or ground water is presented here. Liebhardt et al. (1979) applied poultry manure to field plots planted in orn (Zea mays). Eah plot was.42 ha and appliation rates of poultry manure ranged from Oto 179 Mg/ha (wet weight). The only water applied was natural rainfall. Soil samples were taken from the profile, and wells were dug to obtain ground water samples. These samples had signifiant inreases in nitrate levels, whih were diretly related to the appliation rate of the poultry manure on the plot. Khaleel et al. (198) presented a review onerning the transport of nutrients and miroorganisms in runoff from land surfaes treated with animal wastes. Several land surfaes were onsidered, inluding pastures and rangelands, feedlots, and ropland. Using linear regression analysis, highly signifiant orrelations between the appliation rates of nutrients (N and P) and their onentrations and losses in runoff were found. A study of soil loss and mirobiologial quality of runoff water was onduted by Giddens and Barnett (198) on land treated with broiler litter. Using a rainfall simulator, they applied rainfall at a rate of 6.35 m/h for 2 h to a pasture surfae with a 7% slope. They found that high rates of broiler litter redued total runoff water and soil loss, f 11

13 G but inreased baterial levels in the runoff. Westerman et al. (1983) also used a rainfall simulator to ondut a laboratory study of soil and nutrient losses from bins of soil (1 m x.64 m surfae area on a 9% slope) treated with poultry waste. They investigated the effets of hanging the manure type, appliation rate, soil series, drying time, and rainfall intensity. Their results showed that the quantity of ontaminants in the runoff water was diretly related to the appliation rate of the poultry waste. MLeod and Hegg (1984) ompared the quality of runoff water from pastures treated with different nitrogen amendments, both organi (poultry manure) and inorgani (ammonium nitrate). Test plots with slopes of 3-5% were established in a ladino lover (Trifolium repens L.) and tall f es ue (Festua arundinaea) pasture. Rainfall was ontrolled with an irrigation system. Runoff samples had relatively low nitrogen and phosphorus ontamination. Researh on yromazine has onentrated primarily on the effetiveness of the ompound for ontrolling various inset pests. Miller and Corley (1978) found that it was very effetive in ontrolling the manure-breeding house fly (Musa domestia L.) and little house fly (Fannia aniularis L.). Levels of 1.25 and 5. mg/kg in poultry feed gave > 99% total mortality of the house fly and little house fly, respetively. Residues of the ompound were detetable in the poultry eggs, liver, and musle when it was fed at a rate of 12.5 mg/kg of 12

14 feed. Mulla and Axelrod (1983) onfirmed the effetiveness of this treatment and also showed that yromazine effetively ontrolled flies when it was sprayed diretly on the manure surfae. Iseki and Georghiou (1986) tested several different strains of the ommon housefly (Musa domestia L. ) to determine their resistane to yromazine. Some strains were produed in the laboratory and others developed naturally at various field loations. Only one strain, from a Pennsylvania poultry farm, had developed moderate resistane after previous exposure to yromazine. Skovmand (1988) found that yromazine was effetive against houseflies in pig manure when mixed at a rate of 5 mg/kg in the pig feed. The yromazine was exreted mainly in the pig urine. The effets are more temporary in pig manure than in poultry manure, probably beause yromazine is diluted and washed away more quikly. Lonsdale et al. (199) tested yromazine in Australia as a pour-on prevention for utaneous myiasis in sheep. They showed that it effetively ontrolled the sheep blowfly (Luilia uprina) whih auses the disease. Their researh indiated that sheep may be effetively proteted for 8 weeks following a pour-on treatment. O'Brien and Fahey (1991) onfirmed these results by testing yromazine on sheep in Ireland. They ompared the effetiveness of pour-on yromazine treatments and onventional diazinon dipping. The 13

15 u L pour-on treatment ompared favorably with the onventional dipping, and was effetive for as long as 13 weeks after the initial treatment. Retreatment at a-week intervals gave omplete ontrol of the disease. Shmidtmann et al. (1989) showed that feeding yromazine to dairy alves ould help ontrol house flies in outdoor alf huthes. The yromazine is exreted in the alf urine. Friedel (1986) found that yromazine strongly inhibits the development of dog fleas (Ctenoephalides anis). Therefore, it may have potential as a flea larviide. Although most triazine ompounds are used primarily as herbiides, yromazine has not been effetive in this regard. However, yromazine is effetive in ontrolling some of the inset pests that an ause damage to plants. For instane, it is often used as a foliar spray to ontrol leaf miners (Liriomyza spp.) in vegetables and ornamentals (Royal So. of Chem., 1988). Hughes et al. (1989) fed yromazine to larvae of the tobao hornworm (Mandua sexta L.) at the fifth instar stage. Feeding rates of >2 mg/kg were fatal to the larvae. Hayden and Graf ius (199) found that yromazine was also effetive against onion maggot larvae (elia antigua) during the molt between the first and seond instar stage. The soil was treated with yromazine at a rate of 17.5 mg/kg. Very little information has been published onerning the environmental fate of yromazine and melamine. Under 14

16 { 1aboratory onditions, Jutzi et al. (1982) found that one strain of Pseudomonas sp. bateria was able to ompletely metabolize melamine, whih was supplied as the only nitrogen soure. Melamine was apparently degraded hydrolytially with three suessive deaminations to yanuri aid (2,4,6- trihydroxy-s-triazine), whih retains the basi triazine ring struture. The melamine was first onverted into equimolar amounts of ammeline and NH 4 +. Ammeline was then onverted into equimolar amounts of NH/ and ammelide, whih in turn was onverted into equimolar amounts of NH 4 + and yanuri aid. Cook et al. (1984) reported that a strain of Pseudomonas spp. was able to use yromazine as its sole nitrogen soure in laboratory experiments. The degradation proess was similar to that observed for the baterial degradation of melamine. Cyromazine was deaminated first to ylopropylammeline and then to ylopropylammelide, whih in turn was onverted to yanuri aid plus ylopropylamine. This baterial ativity ontinued under both aerobi and anaerobi onditions, and produed 2 moles of NH 4, 1 mole of ylopropylamine, and 1 mole of yanuri aid from eah mole of yromazine. The omplete leavage of the triazine ring struture does not appear to be a major degradation mehanism in the soil, sine the pestiide dissipation has not been orrelated with arbon dioxide evolution (Kaufman and Kearney, 197). Lim et al. (199) investigated the rate of yromazine loss from three Brassia spp. vegetables in field trials, and 15

17 the rate of yromazine photodegradation on glass dishes exposed to diret sunlight. Cyromazine was applied to the vegetable rops in a foliar spray at the rate of.56 kg/ha (.5 lb per are). In 7 days, the total amount of yromazine in the plant and on its surfae delined by an average of 5%, while melamine reovery showed a 3-5 fold inrease. However, sine the melamine ontent always remained below 11% of the total residue, some of the yromazine and/or melamine must have been lost or degraded to other produts. In the photodegradation study (Lim et al., 199 o), ontrol dishes that were proteted from sunlight showed very little yromazine loss, so yromazine losses from plates exposed to the sunlight were attributed to photohemial reations. The perentage of yromazine lost from the glass dishes depended on the amount originally applied, with heavier appliations resulting in lower perentage losses. The top layers of yromazine moleules apparently shielded the lower layers from the sunlight, resulting in less photodegradation. The average yromazine half-life for all of the dishes exposed to diret sunlight was about 5 days. The amount of melamine in the dishes inreased with exposure time, but reovery levels aounted for a maximum of only 53% of the yromazine loss. Melamine was plated on petri dishes and exposed to sunlight to investigate the possibility that it might also photodegrade. Results showed a relatively slow rate of melamine loss, with an average of approximately 8% remaining 16

18 after 7 days. Photodegradation of yromazine on soil has been reported to our at a muh slower rate than on glass dishes. When applied to a soil with ph of 7.5, bulk density of 1.28 g/m 3, water ontent of 15.83%, organi matter ontent of 1.9%, and texture of 63.2% sand, 2.% silt, and 16.8% lay, yromazine photodegraded with a half-life of 6 days (CIBA-GEIGY Corporation, 199). The deomposition of the yromazine appeared to be a first-order reation and the primary photoprodut was identified as melamine. Signifiant losses of yromazine by volatilization seem unlikely in the field, sine the vapor pressure is only 3.3 x 1 9 mm of Hg at 25 C (CIBA-GEIGY Corporation, 199). However, relatively small volatilization losses might our in ases of prolonged exposure to diret sunlight. Field losses of yromazine due to rop removal might be fairly signifiant. When applied to the leaves of plants, yromazine shows a strong translaminar effet (Royal So. of Chem., 1988) When applied to the soil, yromazine is absorbed by plant roots and transloated upward through the plant (aropetally). The literature ontains little information onerning the possible impat of yromazine and melamine in surfae or ground water. Melamine has been reported to be arinogeni in laboratory rats (Melnik et al., 1984; Zeiger, 1987), but this may be only a seondary effet from melamine-indued f f 17

19 ~ ri renal bladder stones (Hek and Tyl, 1985). Laboratory experiments have shown the lethal yromazine dose for 5% (L ) 5 of rats to be 3387 mg/kg taken orally, 31 mg/kg when taken through the skin, and 2.72 mg/l of air when inhaled for 4 hours (Royal So. of Chem., 1988). The L 5 for birds was found to be 1785 mg/kg for bobwhite quail, 2338 mg/kg for Japanese quail, and 251 mg/kg for mallard duks. Toxiity tests have shown that the lethal onentration for 5% of fish exposed for 96 hours to yromazine is 9 mg/l for bluegill sunfish, and 1 mg/l for rainbow trout. METHOS AN PROCEURES Pasture was simulated with field plots established in tall fesue (Festua arundinaea Shreb.) at the University of Arkansas Agriultural Experiment Station in Fayetteville on Captina silt loam (fine-silty, silieous, mesi Typi Fragiudult). The plots were of uniform slope (5%) and dimensions (1.5 m aross the slope and 6 m down the slope). Eah plot was surrounded by a border to isolate plot runoff water and fitted with a self-leaning runoff olletor as desribed by Edwards and aniel (1993). To obtain better uniformity in the initial soil water ontent, all plots were saturated with water using low intensity irrigation and allowed to drain for 96 h before 18

20 manure appliation. Caged-layer manure was sampled and analyzed for yromazine, melamine, nutrient, and water ontent before being applied to the plots. It ontained 83% water by weight and 197 µg/l of yromazine, but no melamine. The manure was applied manually to the surf ae of the plots as r f uniformly as possible. The manure appliation rate was 3.76 Mg/ha (dry weight), so the atual yromazine appliation ~as g/ha. At the time of manure appliation, the fesue provided full ground over and was ut to a height of 1 m. The experiment had two drying intervals (1 day or 7 days) between the manure appliation and rainfall event. uring the drying interval, plots were proteted by plasti-overed wooden frames only for the duration of eah natural rainfall event. ue to a lak of available plots, a ontrol treatment ( Mg/ha manure rate) was inluded only for the 7-day drying interval. There were three repliations of eah treatment, so 9 plots were required for the experiment. Treatments were assigned to plots in a randomized blok design and the runoff results were statistially analyzed using analysis of variane (ANOVA) to determine the least signifiant differene (LS) required to separate the means. For yromazine omparisons (runoff onentration, total loss in runoff, and perent loss in runoff) only two means were being ompared, so the p-value is the only statisti given. After the designated drying interval, a simulator desribed by Edwards et al. (1992) was used to generate 3 19

21 r L minutes of runoff from eah plot by applying simulated rainfall at an intensity of 5 mm/h. Colleting all of the runoff from eah plot was not feasible, but a representative omposite sample of the runoff from eah plot was obtained in the following manner. A disrete runoff sample was olleted in the middle of eah 5-minute interval of the runoff event. Eah sample volume was divided by the time required to take the sample to obtain the mean flow rate for the s-minute interval. The flow rate was then multiplied by 5 minutes to obtain the total volume of runoff leaving the plot during that interval. The runoff values for all of the time intervals were added together to determine the total volume of runoff from the plot during the rainfall event. Using this runoff volume data, a 1-liter omposite sample was onstruted from the disrete samples in a flow-weighted manner to be as representative as possible of the total runoff from that plot. All samples were stored in amber glass bottles in the dark at 4 C until extrated and analyzed for the presene of yromazine and melamine using a proedure desribed by aniel et al. (1992). One set of disrete samples from eah treatment was analyzed with the omposite samples. 2

22 PRINCIPAL FININGS AN SIGNIFICANCE The mean total surfae runoff during the simulated rainfall event (Fig. 1) was signifiantly (Q=.5) greater from plots with the 1-day drying time (8. 2 mm) than from manure plots that dried for 7 days (3.2 mm). This should be expeted sine the extra 6 days of drying time allows the soil moisture ontent to derease signifiantly, thus inreasing the apaity of the soil for infiltration by rainfall. However, the results surprisingly showed that plots with manure that dried for 7 days also had signifiantly (a=.5) less runoff than the ontrol plots (7.5 nun) that dried for 7 days. one possible explanation is that the manure that dried and degraded for 7 days may have somehow enhaned the infiltration rate of water into the soil surfae. The disrete sample runoff rate (Fig. 2) showed a fairly steady inrease during the ourse of the rainfall event, from.92 (first 5 min of runoff) to 2.32 mm (last 5 min of runoff) for the 1-day manure drying time and from.9 to.42 mm for the 7-day drying time. The mean yromazine onentration in the runoff (Fig. 3) was 47.7 and 23. µ.g/l for 1-day and 7-day drying times, respetively, with a p-value of.21. If the 7-day drying time did inrease the infiltration rate, more yromazine may have infiltrated with the resulting flush of additional water into the soil, thus reduing the amount of yromazine r 21

23 r remaining to be transported in runoff. isrete sample yromazine onentrations {Fig. 4) delined steadily during the rainfall event, from 64.7 to 2.1 and 19.4 to 1.3 µg/l for the 1-day and 7-day drying times, respetively. The total yromazine runoff loss is reported per unit area of plot surfae, and is also given as a perentage of the L { total yromazine applied to the plot in the manure. Total yromazine loss in the surfae runoff {Fig. 5) was 3.98 g/ha (9.%) and.82 g/ha (1.9%) for the 1-day and 7-day drying times, respetively, with a p-value of.12. The apparent derease in yromazine runoff loss with inreased drying time was aused by dereases in both the amount of runoff and yromazine onentration in the runoff. isrete samples for the 1-day drying time indiated that yromazine runoff loss (Fig. 6) during the rainfall event peaked at.83 g/ha (1.9%) in the seond sampling interval; whereas, the 7-day drying treatment peaked at a o. 4 g/ha (.1%) loss in the fifth sampling interval. CONCLUSIONS Conentrations of yromazine deteted in runoff were far below the lethal doses reported for large vertebrates. For instane, the L 5 for bluegill sunfish in 96 h is 9, µg/l (Royal So. of Chem., 1988). The amount of yromazine 22

24 being used at present is relatively small ompared to the use of some other pestiides. Sine low levels of yromazine have not been found to be toxi to humans and other large vertebrates, the immediate danger to them does not appear to be serious at this time. The long-term effet, partiularly on many aquati organisms, soil miroorganisms, inset larvae, and earthworms is not known. Sine relatively low levels of yromazine are known to be highly effetive in killing several speies of inset larvae, it seems likely that it may, at least, affet the inset omponent of eologial systems. Further investigation of the environmental effets of yromazine may be helpful. This study showed that inreased drying time following manure appliation redued the amount of surfae runoff from fesue plots, and redued the onentration of yromazine in the runoff. The resulting derease in yromazine loss in the surf ae runoff supports the use of inreased drying time as a BMP for reduing yromazine runoff losses from pastures fertilized with aged-layer manure. If aged-layer manure appliations to pastures take plae only when rainfall events are unlikely to our for several days, the loss of yromazine to surfae water may be substantially redued. f 23

25 r. LITERATURE CITE Brake, J., R.. Axtell, and W.R. Campbell Retention of for the initial 2 weeks of life of single omb white larviidal ativity after feeding yromazine (Larvadex) leghorn layers. Poult. Si. 7: Q CIBA-GEIGY Corp summary of yromazine field dissipation studies. CIBA-GEIGY Corporation, Greensboro, NC. 3 pp. Cook, A.M., H. Grossenbaher, and R. Hutter Baterial degradation of N-ylopropylmelamine. Biohem. J. 222: aniel, T.C.,. R. Edwards, and.h. Pote Effet of land appliation of poultry waste on pestiide loss. Arkansas Water Resoures Researh Center, Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Tehnial Completion Report. Researh Projet G pp. Edwards,.R., L.. Norton, T.C. aniel, J.T. Walker,.L. Ferguson, and G.A. wyer Performane of a rainfall simulator. Arkansas Farm Researh. 41 (2): Edwards,.R., and T.C. aniel Effets of poultry litter appliation rate and rainfall intensity on quality of runoff from fesuegrass plots. J. Environ. Qual. 22: Friedel, T yromazine inhibits larval development of the dog flea, Ctenoephalides anis (Siphonaptera: Puliidae). J. Eon. Entomol. 79:

26 Giddens, J., and A.P. Barnett Soil loss and mirobiologial quality of runoff from land treated with poultry litter. J. Environ. Qual. 9: Hayden, J., and E. Grafius Ativity of yromazine on onion maggot larvae (iptera: Anthomyiidae) in the soil. J. Eon. Entomol. 83: Hek, H., and R.W. Tyl The indution of bladder stones by terephthali aid, dimethyl terephthalate, and melamine (2, 4, 6-triamino-s-triazine) and its relevane to risk assessment. Reg. Toxiol. Pharmaol. 5: Hughes, P.B., w.. auterman, and N. Motoyama Inhibition of growth and development of tobao hornworm (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) larvae by yromazine. J. Eon. Entomol. 82: Iseki, A., and G.P. Georghiou Toxiity of yromazine to strains of the housefly (iptera: Musidae) variously resistant to insetiides. J. Eon. Entomol. 79: Jutzi, K., A.M. Cook, and R. Hutter The degradative pathway of the s-triazine melamine. Biohem. J. 28: Kaufman,.., and P.C. Kearney Mirobial degradation of s-triazine herbiides. In F.A. Gunther and J.. Gunther (ed.) Residue Reviews 32: Khaleel, R., K.R. Reddy, and M.R. Overash Transport of potential pollutants in runoff water from land areas { l 25

27 reeiving animal wastes: A review. Water Researh 14: Liebhardt, w..,. Golt, and J. Tupin Nitrate and ammonium onentrations of ground water resulting from poultry manure appliations. J. Environ. Qual. 8: Lim, L.o., s.j. Sherer, K.. Shuler, and J.P. Toth isposition of yromazine in plants under environmental onditions. J. Agri. Food Chem. 38: Lonsdale, B., o.w. Tarry, F.L. Bowen, and.g. Stansfield Cyromazine pour-on for the prevention of utaneous myiasis of sheep. Vet. Re. 126: MLeod, R.V., and R.O. Hegg Pasture runoff water quality from appliation of inorgani and organi nitrogen soures. J. Environ. Qual. 13: Melnik, R.L., G.A. Boorman, J.K. Haseman, R.J. Montali, and J. Huff Urolithiasis and bladder arinogeniity of melamine in rodents. Toxiol. Appl. Pharmaol. 72: Miller, R.W., and. Corley Feed-through effiay of CGA and CGA against manure-breeding flies and other arthropods and residues in fees, eggs, and tissues of laying hens. Southwest. Entomol. 5: Moore, P.A., Jr., T.C. aniel, A.N. Sharpley, and.w. Wood Poultry manure management. J. Soil and Water Conserv. (in press). 26

28 Mulla, M.S., and H. Axelrod Evaluation of Larvadex, a new IGR for the ontrol of pestiferous flies on poultry ranhes. J. Eon. Entomol. 76: O'Brien,.J., and G. Fahey ontrol of fly strike in sheep by means of a pour-on formulation of yromazine. r Vet. Re. 129: Royal Soiety of Chemistry Agrohemials Handbook. 2nd ed. The University of Nottingham, England. Shmidtmann, E.T., R.W. Miller, and R. Muller Effet of experimental bedding treatments on the density of immature Musa domestia and Stomoxys ali trans (iptera: Musidae) in outdoor alf huthes. J. Eon. Entomol. 82: Skovmand, o Addition of the larviide yromazine to pigfeed to ontrol breeding of houseflies (Musa domestia L.) in the manure. Int. Pest Control 3: USA Agriultural statistis U. S. Government Printing Off ie, Washington, C. 524 pp. Westerman, P.W., T.L. onnelly, and M.R. Overash Erosion of soil and poultry manure - A laboratory study. Trans. ASAE 26: Zeiger, E Carinogeniity of mutagens: Preditive apabili ty of the Salmonella mutagenesis assay for rodent arinogeniity. Caner Res. 47:

29 r.. G ~Manure _12. E. Control E 1 o J ~ 6 a 4 Q) ~ " o...._. ~~""-lol...- ~ --_., 1 day 7 day Time between Manure Appliation and Rainfall Fig. 1. Effet of drying time on mean runoff from pasture plots treated with aged-layer manure l -E E 2 -= 1.5 :: :::J a: Q) 1.- ried 1 day * ried 7 days ~ o.sl.:~--~~--~~--~: o~ J Runoff Time (minutes) Fig. 2. Surfae runoff during a simulated rainfall event from two pasture plots treated with aged-layer manure {developed using disrete samples from only one plot for eah treatment). 28

30 :3' E g>4 - ~ 3 N m E 2 '- ~ P.... ~. 2. ~ day 7 day Time between Manure Appliation and Rainfall Fig. 3. Effet of drying time on yromazine onentration in runoff from pasture plots treated with aged-layer manure. ::J E :nso : - so--~~~~~~~~---~~~~~~~~ -- ried 1 day *ried 7 days '--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Runoff Time (minutes) Fig. 4. Cyromazine onentration during a simulated rainfall event in runoff from two pasture plots treated with aged-layer manure (developed using disrete samples from only one plot for eah treatment). 29

31 ( LI u l 1 --';/! a> Cl)...J 6 u - N as E > day 7 day Time between Manure Appliation and Rainfall Fig. 5. Effet of drying time on perent loss of yromazine in runoff from pasture plots treated with aged-layer manure. - - ried 1 day *ried 7 days "#. 2! ' - en en a> N 1 o E ~.5 (.) Runoff Time (minutes) 25 3 Fig. 6. Cyromazine perent loss during a simulated rainfall event in runoff from two pasture plots treated with aged-layer manure (developed using disrete samples from only one plot for eah treatment). 3

32 ( r j I