Proposed Action and Alternatives

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1 Chapter Proposed Action and Alternatives Page 15

2 CHAPTER 2 - PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVES INTRODUCTION Chapter 2 describes and compares the Southwest Fence Relocation and Waterline Project s Proposed Action and its alternatives. This chapter also identifies several alternatives that were considered but eliminated from detailed study. This project s alternatives were developed in response to the key issues described in Chapter 1. While many potential alternatives exist, it is neither practical nor feasible to consider every possible option. The Proposed Action and alternatives described here represent a range of management approaches, which address the issues raised and meet the purpose of, and need for, the proposal. Note: NEPA regulations require the Forest Service to analyze a No Action Alternative as a baseline for comparing the effects of other alternatives (40 CFR (d), FSH , 23.1). DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES Three alternatives were considered in detail. These were: 1) the No Action Alternative, 2) the Proposed Action, and 3) the Modified Action Alternative. Specifics of these alternatives follow. Chapter 2 Proposed Action and Alternatives Page 16

3 Alternative 1: No Action The No Action Alternative would continue current management in the project area (Figure 3). The Kennedy (West) and Chester (West) pastures have existing, reliable water in the form of either water tanks or dams. These pastures would be grazed by livestock annually. The Stony Butte (#2), West Engen (Main), and Horsethief (East) pastures would be grazed intermittently when water supplies allowed. The Dry Hole (Chester) pasture would remain in multi-year rest. The existing deferred grazing rotation system would remain unchanged. The fence between the West Engen (Main) and Horsethief (West) pastures would remain in its current location (i.e. it would remain across Booth Dam). The electric fence separating the Camp Flat (East North) and Camp Flat (East South) pastures would remain electric. Figure 3. Map of the No Action Alternative showing the distribution of fence and water sources that would result after alternative implementation. Note that the water sources shown are not necessarily reliable for livestock watering uses; see Figure 2 for more information. Chapter 2 Proposed Action and Alternatives Page 17

4 Alternative 2: Proposed Action The Proposed Action Alternative (Figure 4) would install approximately 3.6 miles of waterline and install five water tanks into the following pastures: Kennedy (West), Stony Butte (#2), West Engen (Main), Horsethief (East), and Dry Hole (Chester). This would increase flexibility in the deferred rotation system by allowing managers to place all of the project area s pastures on either the rest schedule or the grazing schedule, based on particular resource needs in any given year. The Proposed Action Alternative would relocate the boundary fence between the West Engen (Main) and Horsethief (West) pastures. That fence currently crosses through Booth Dam. The fence would be relocated 0.25 mile to the north, on the north side of Forest Service Road 227. This would change the approximate pasture size for West Engen (Main) from 750 to 559 acres and Horsethief (West) from 352 to 543 acres. The electric fence separating Camp Flat (East North) and Camp Flat (East South) would be converted to a barbwire fence. Figure 4. Map of the Proposed Action Alternative showing the distribution of fence and water sources that would result after alternative implementation. Note that the water sources shown are not necessarily reliable for livestock watering uses; see Figure 2 for more information. Chapter 2 Proposed Action and Alternatives Page 18

5 Alternative 3: Modified Action The Modified Action Alternative would: Combine the Horsethief (East), Horsethief (I.T. #25), and Dry Hole (Chester) pastures into a single 940-acre pasture. Interior fences as well as a cattle guard along Forest Service Road 227 would then no longer be necessary and so would be removed. Temporary (i.e. 1-3 year) use of electric fence would be permissible for the purpose of vegetative management. Remove the existing fence from Booth Dam, relocating it north of Forest Service Road 227. Convert the existing electric fence between Camp Flat (East North) and Camp Flat (East South) pastures to a barbwire fence. Install approximately 3 miles of underground waterline and five water tanks. One tank would be placed in pastures: Kennedy (West), Stony Butte (#2), and West Engen (Main). Two tanks would be placed in the newly combined pasture. Compared to the Proposed Action, the pipeline s route under this alternative would be slightly different; specifically, the west tank in the combined pastures would be further south. Reclaim (i.e. fill-in) five water sources. The water sources affected would be: #810w10 (in Chester (Middle) pasture); #817w05 (in Dry Hole (Chester) pasture); #825w04 (in Horsethief (East) pasture); #854w04 (in West Engen (Main) pasture), and #848w03 (in Stony Butte (#2) pasture). The latter s dilapidated exclosure would also be removed. Figure 5. Map of the Modified Action Alternative showing the distribution of fence and water sources that would result after alternative implementation. Note that the water sources shown are not necessarily reliable for livestock watering uses; see Figure 2 for more information. Chapter 2 Proposed Action and Alternatives Page 19

6 DESIGN CRITERIA & FEATURES COMMON TO ALTERNATIVES Design criteria and features common to alternatives are described below: Archeological Clearance Alternatives 2 and 3 propose new range improvements. A cultural resource inventory and all required clearances would be completed prior to any ground disturbing activities. Fence Design Alternatives 2 and 3 propose new fences. All newly constructed fences would comply with LRMP recommendations for big game movement. In particular, all new fences would have a bottom smooth wire 16 above the ground surface to facilitate pronghorn passage. (see LRMP p. B-1). In addition, special care would be taken to reduce potential impact to a sharp-tailed grouse lek near Booth Dam; specifically, the relocated fence would be routed to avoid the lek (if it is active); fence markers would be placed on that portion of the fence closest to the lek site. Monitoring Monitoring would occur under all alternatives, though not all alternatives would require the same monitoring. See Table 3 for details. Noxious Weeds Alternatives 2 and 3 propose new range infrastructure. All construction equipment used for the installation of that infrastructure would be required to be cleaned of any noxious weed seeds prior to being moved into the project area. Any new noxious weed infestations resulting from ground disturbing activities would be treated as necessary. Reclamation Alternatives 2 and 3 propose new range improvements. Following the completion of each ground disturbing activity, the site would be seeded with native seed if seeding was determined to be necessary for vegetative recovery. Soil Disturbance Alternatives 2 and 3 propose new range improvements. To help reduce the potential for soil disturbance, the best management practices labeled: Watershed Conservation Practices (WCPs) Required for All Activities Associated with Project Implementation in the project file would be followed. See the Soil Specialist Report in the project file for more details. Timing of Construction Activities Alternatives 2 and 3 propose new range improvements. To help reduce disturbances to nesting and breeding sharp-tailed grouse and greater prairiechicken, construction activities would not be allowed from March 1 through June 15 within 1 mile of active display grounds. Water Tank Escape Ramps Alternatives 2 and 3 propose installing new water tanks. Each of these tanks would be required to have a wildlife escape ramp installed. See the Wildlife Specialist Report in the project file for more detail. Water Tank Placement Alternatives 2 and 3 propose installing new water tanks. Water tanks would be located to minimize visibility from roads, thus reducing the impact on the scenic integrity of the area. Chapter 2 Proposed Action and Alternatives Page 20

7 Table 3. Summary of monitoring that would be conducted in the project area. ISSUE DETAILS Livestock Management Grazing use distribution maps would be compiled by Forest Service personnel for the first 3 years of this project s implementation. Mapping would be done after livestock were rotated out of each grazed pasture. This information would help assess how range infrastructure has affected livestock distribution. This monitoring would be conducted under Alternatives 1, 2, or 3. Vegetation Under all alternatives, vegetative litter and species composition would be monitored by Forest Service personnel every 5-10 years. This information would help assess whether there has been changes in species composition. Under Alternatives 2 and 3, Forest Service personnel would monitor areas of ground-disturbance for the 3 years following that disturbance. This information would help assess the need for native grass seeding and identify any areas of noxious weed establishment. Wildlife Habitat Visual obstruction readings (VOR) would be taken by Forest Service personnel in the project area under Alternatives 1, 2, or 3. Monitoring protocol would follow the current methods already in use across the Fort Pierre National Grassland. This information would help assess availability of high structure vegetation for dependent wildlife. The South Dakota Game, Fish, and Parks Department currently conducts lek surveys in the project area. It is anticipated that these surveys would continue under all alternatives. This information would provide an index to population levels of greater prairie-chicken and sharp-tailed grouse. Chapter 2 Proposed Action and Alternatives Page 21

8 COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES This section provides three summaries of the alternatives. Table 4 compares the projects that are being proposed. Table 5 compares the expected environmental consequences. Table 6 displays the extent to which each alternative would meet the guidance provided in the LRMP. Table 4. Projects proposed by alternative ALTERNATIVE PROJECT Install waterlines No Yes; about 3.6 miles Yes; about 3.0 miles Install five water tanks No Yes Yes Relocate boundary fence No Yes Yes between West Engen (Main) and Horsethief (West) pastures Replace electric fence No Yes Yes separating Camp Flat (East North) and Camp Flat (East South) pastures with barbwire fence Reclaim 5 water sources No No Yes Chapter 2 Proposed Action and Alternatives Page 22

9 Table 5. Comparison of how alternatives would address key issues ALTERNATIVE ISSUE Livestock Management: cost of range improvements Livestock Management: electric fence Livestock Management: water sources Livestock Management: water source reclamation Livestock Management: grazing rotations Livestock Management: pasture size There will be no cost for range improvements. Fence between Camp Flat (East North) and Camp Flat (East South) would remain electric, maintenance would continue to be a long-term problem. No new water sources would be constructed. No water sources would be reclaimed. No changes would be made in current livestock managment. Certain pastures would continue to be grazed every year, some would be grazed only in years with high precipitation, while other pastures would remain in multi-year rest. No pastures would be combined. New range improvements would cost ~$15,928. The electric fence between Camp Flat (East North) and Camp Flat (East South) would be converted to a barbwire fence, maintenance needs would be lessened. New water sources would be installed, providing reliable water for livestock. See Alternative 1 regarding water source reclamation. Management flexibility would be increased in the ability to change grazing rotations. Pastures that are currently grazed on a yearly basis could be rested, while pastures that are currently in multi-year rest could be grazed. See Alternative 1 regarding pasture size. New range improvements would cost ~$14,428; reclamation of 5 existing water sources would cost ~$16,000. See Alternative 2 regarding electic fence. See Alternative 2 regarding water sources. Five water sources would be reclaimed. See Alternative 2 regarding grazing rotations. Horsethief (East), I.T. #25, and Dry Hole (Chester) would be combined into one pasture, increasing the average pasture size in the project area. Chapter 2 Proposed Action and Alternatives Page 23

10 ALTERNATIVE ISSUE Livestock Management: Booth Dam fence Fence currently at Booth Dam would remain in place; fence maintenance and effectiveness would continue to be an issue. Booth Dam would still be split between two pastures, requiring both pastures rotations to be altered to modify grazing use around the dam. Fence currently at Booth Dam would be moved north of Forest Service Road 227 thus removing it from the water s edge at Booth Dam. Also, the dam would be located solely within Horsethief (West) so that only one pasture s use would have to be changed to modify grazing use around See Alternative 2 regarding Booth Dam fence. Vegetation: Invasive & native grass species composition Vegetation: noxious weeds Current vegetative would continue. Invasive species such as smooth brome would persist and potentially continue to spread. There would be no ground disturbing activities, therefore there would be no potential for the associated machinery to introduce noxious weeds. the dam. Through prescribed grazing management, invasive grass species would likely decrease and native species increase. There is potential for noxious weed introduction during construction of proposed improvements. These potential effects would be mitigated. See Alternative 2 regarding species composition. See Alternative 2 regarding noxious weeds. Chapter 2 Proposed Action and Alternatives Page 24

11 ALTERNATIVE ISSUE Vegetative structure Amount and See Alternative 2 would not be distribution of high regarding vegetative changed due to structure vegetation structure. changes in may change in the livestock project area as more distribution form pastures are able to creation of new be grazed or rested; water sources; 10% 10% of the Fort of the Fort Pierre Pierre National National Grassland Grassland would be would be rested rested each year. each year. Vegetation: vegetative structure Wildlife Habitat: water source reclamation Wildlife Habitat: sensitive species viability and management indicator species population trends Wildlife Habitat: disturbance No existing water source would be reclaimed. Sensitive species would be affected, though viability would not be threatened. Management indicator species would be affected, though population trends would remain unchanged. No new range infrastrure would be installed; sensitive and management indicator species would not be disturbed by construction. See Alternative 1 regarding water source reclamation. See Alternative 1 regarding sensitive and management indicator species. New range infrastructure would be installed; sensitive and management indicator species may be disturbed by construction, though the level and duration of disturbance is likely to be minor. Five existing water sources would be reclaimed. Species such as northern leopard frog may be affected, positively or negatively, depending on the quality of wetland habitat that would have otherwise been provided. See Alternative 1 regarding sensitive and management indicator species. See Alternative 2 regarding disturbance to wildlife. Chapter 2 Proposed Action and Alternatives Page 25

12 Table 6. Comparison of how Alternatives 1, 2, and 3 would meet guidance contained in the Nebraska National Forest s Land and Resource Management Plan ALTERNATIVE Proposed Activity Goal 1.c: Increase the amount of forests and grasslands restored to or maintained in a healthy condition with reduced risk and damage from fires, insects and diseases, and invasive species. Goal 2.c: Improve the capability of the Nation s forests and grasslands to provide a desired sustainable level of uses, values, products, and services. B-13 Water: Design activities to protect and manage the riparian ecosystem. Maintain the integrity of the ecosystem including quantity and quality of water. (Standard) F-4 Fish, Widlife, and Rare Plants: Design and build new structures, including fences, to reduce hazards to big game and to allow big game movement throughout the year (Appendix B). This doesn t include fences designed to specifically exclude wildlife. (Guideline) I-9 Livestock Grazing: Prioritize and remove any fences or water developments that are not contributing to achieving desired. (Guideline) J-6 Non-native and Invasive Species, Noxious Weeds and Insect Management: Utilize all methods feasible, including livestock grazing strategies, in the integrated pest management program. (Guideline) Q-6 Infrastructure Use and Management: Build new and reconstructed fences to provide for big game movement (Appendix B) and access for recreation, fire protection, and mineral development. (Guideline) Does not meet or move towards LRMP with with with with with with with with with with Chapter 2 Proposed Action and Alternatives Page 26

13 ALTERNATIVE Proposed Activity Q-10 Infrastructure Use and Management: Prioritize and reconstruct those fences that do not meet big game specifications. (Guideline) Infrastructure 1: Increase the average pasture size by 25 percent over the decade. (Objective) Rest 1: Maintain at least 10 percent of the suitable rangeland in rest each year. (Objective) Infrastructure 1: Allow no net decrease in the average pasture size. (Guideline) Infrastructure 2: Allow no net gain in the number of water developments... (Guideline) Does not meet or move towards LRMP Does not meet or move towards LRMP, i.e. while there would be an increase in water developments compared to existing, there would not be an increase compared to the present when this guideline was established with with with, i.e. there would be no net gain in water developments even compared to existing Chapter 2 Proposed Action and Alternatives Page 27

14 OTHER ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED Federal agencies are required to rigorously explore and objectively evaluate all reasonable alternatives developed in detail (40 CFR ). Comments received in response to the Proposed Action provided suggestions for alternatives for achieving the purpose and need. Some of these alternatives may have been outside the scope of the need for the proposal, duplicative of the alternatives considered in detail, or determined to have components that would cause unnecessary environmental harm. Several such alternatives were considered and are summarized below: Combine Pastures and Trade Water Sources: One commenter suggested an alternative that would combine eight pastures into four larger pastures and would eliminate livestock access to three existing water sources while installing three new water sources. This alternative as a whole would decrease management flexibility in grazing rotations and therefore would not meet the purpose and need of the proposed action. Parts of this proposal, however, were used to create the Modified Action Alternative. Specifically, that alternative included the concept of trading water sources (i.e. creating new sources with the pipeline and stock tanks while eliminating access to livestock from an equal number of existing water sources) so that there would be no net gain in the number of water sources on the Fort Pierre National Grassland from what currently exists. The Modified Action Alternative also included the concept of combining some pastures to create a larger pasture. The commenter also requested that any exclosures that would be constructed be mowed annually, which is outside the scope of this project. Drill Wells: The option of drilling 5 wells in the project area was also identified as an alternative to putting in a pipeline. The average depth of water wells in this area is 1,800 to 2,400 feet; the average cost is $80,000 to $100,000 per well. Well drilling was therefore not considered to be an economically-viable alternative to pipeline installation. Haul Water: The option of hauling water to dispersed locations in the project area was also identified as an alternative to putting in a pipeline. This would require hauling water to each selected location several times a week during the summer grazing season. Due to the volume and frequency of trips this would entail, about 1 mile of newly road would have to be built. This option was also deemed less responsive to the project s purpose to increase management flexibility by increasing water reliability. Furthermore, this alternative is already very similar to the No Action Alternative (i.e. permittees already have the option to haul water). Chapter 2 Proposed Action and Alternatives Page 28

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