Mercado e comercialização dos fertilizantes orgânicos na Europa e seus beneficios agronômicos

Transcription

1 Compostagem em Escala Industrial 06 e 07 de outubro de 2016 Mercado e comercialização dos fertilizantes orgânicos na Europa e seus beneficios agronômicos Florian Amlinger st Zero Waste & Organic Cycle Organisation, Austria 1

2 Soil Organic Matter the Key to Biodiversity & Sustainable Soil Use 2

3 The End of Waste Project for Biodegradable Waste 3

4 The End of Waste Project for Biodegradable Waste non-contaminated from separate collection of bio-waste, biodegradable residues from agriculture (including manure), forestry, fishery and horticulture, or any such previously composted or digested material. INPUT Materials NO Mixed Waste NO Municipal Sewage Sludge Product Quality EoW Criteria Requirement s Treatment Process 3 Time/Temperature profiles for composting Quality Assurance Provision of Information 4

5 Draft EU Fertiliser Regulation (2) Composting - process requirements NO physical contacts between input and output materials shall be avoided, including during storage. Controlled decomposition predominantly aerobic temperatures suitable for thermophilic bacteria regular and thorough moving correct sanitation and homogeneity Temperature-time profiles for All parts of each batch : 65 C or more for at least 5 days, 60 C or more for at least 7 days, or 55 C or more for at least 14 days. 5

6 Draft EU Fertiliser Regulation (2) Anaerobic Digestion - process requirements NO physical contacts between input and output materials shall be avoided, including during storage. Controlled decomposition predominantly anaerobic Temperatures suitable for thermophilic or mesophilic bacteria Regular and thorough moving sanitation and homogeneity Temperature-time profiles for all parts of each batch : Thermophilic process: 55 C 24 h hydraulic retention: 20 d + pasteurisation: 70 C 1 h followed by composting of digestate Mesophilic process: C + pasteurisation: 70 C 1 h followed by composting of digestate 6

7 SOLID ORG. FERTILISER [compost] SOIL IMPROVER [compost] LIQUID ORG. FERTILISER [digestate] Dry matter % Fresh Matter > 40% < 40% N total % Fresh Matter 2.5 % % P 2 O 5 total % Fresh Matter 2% --- 1% K 2 O total % Fresh Matter 2% --- 2% Org. CARBON % Fresh Matter 15% 7.5% 5% Stability OXIGEN UPTAKE RATE mmol O2/kg organic matter/h 25 mmol 50 mmol SELF HEATING FACTOR Rottegrad III (40-50 C) --- Residual Biogas Potential Litre biogas / g volatile solids ,45 l biogas 7

8 Compost Maturity / Stability OXITOP - O 2 Consumption Test: mmol O2 / kg volatile solids * h NL BE Very unstable > 30 > 26 Unstable Moderately stable Stable Very / completely stable < 5 < Veeken et al., Wageningen University & NMI, Irish composts 0 8

9 SOLID ORG. FERTILISER [compost] Cd (mg/kg d.m.) 1.5 SOIL IMPROVER [compost] 3 (+ growing medium) Cr (mg/kg d.m.) Cr VI : 2 Hg (mg/kg d.m.) 1 Ni (mg/kg d.m.) 50 (growing medium: 100) Pb (mg/kg d.m.) 120 (growing medium: 150) Cu (mg/kg d.m.) Zn (mg/kg d.m.) DECLARE ABOVE 200 mg DECLARE ABOVE 600 mg PAH 16 * (mg/kg d.m.) 6 LIQUID ORG. FERTILISER [digestate] Biuret (C 2 H 5 N 3 O 2 ) (g/kg d.m.) Salmonellae ABSENT in 25 g E. coli OR Entercoccaceae < 1000 CFU/g fresh mass Impurities (glass, metal, NOW: < 0,5 % plastics) in > 2 mm (% d.m.) AFTER 8 YEARS: < 0,25 % 1.5 9

10 Precautionary Quality Criteria Heavy Metals Austrian Standard as compared to the draft EU Fertiliser Regulation (2016) mg/kg d.m. Food Production Restricted Use Quality Compost CLASS A+ Biological Agriculture Quality Compost CLASS A Agriculture general Draft EU Fertiliser Regulation Compost CLASS B Non-Food Landscaping Cadmium (Cd) Chromium (Cr) Cr-VI: Copper (Cu) DECLARATION: >200 MSW Compost ANY CLASS Landfill reclamation 500 DECLARATION: >400 Mercury (Hg) Nickel (Ni) Lead (Pb) Zinc (Zn) DECLARATION: > DECLARATION: >1200

11 Heavy metals in compost from bio-waste / sewage sludge / mixed waste Source: JRC Study End of Waste criteria for biodegradable waste 11

12 Physical impurities in different composts Bio-waste compost Sewage sludge compost Mixed waste compost Source: JRC Study End of Waste criteria for biodegradable waste;

13 Quality Criteria for COMPOST Plant response / germination test! growing media, bagged 25% compost 90% - 100% performance private gardening 50% compost 80% - 90% performance Cress (Lepidium sativum) & Chinese cabbage

14 Key advantages of COMPOST FERTILISATION confirmed More STABLE SOIL STRUCTURE better infiltration better workability Higher NUTRIENT SORPTION capacity Increased nutrient availability Increased soil TEMPERATURES Improves plant growth in spring Higher WATER RETENTION capacity reduces impacts of weather extremes Soil conservation & improvement through COMPOST fertilisation PHYTOSANITARY effect Suppression of soil born plant diseases Better WORKABILITY of soil reduces energy consumption Reduced susceptibility for EROSION Reduced soil loss Enhancing soil BIODERVISITY increases transformation Bundesgütegemeinschaft Kompost e.v., 2005 Sheet 16

15 Sheet 17

16 Plants provide up to 25% of the photosynthesis process for their symbiontic microorganisms in the rhizosphere guess the evolution did not make a mistake with this interaction?! The root sphere contains 50-times the microbial colonisation than the environment soil! Sheet 18

17 sand loam < [m²/g] clay soil humified org. matter µm Foto: Prof. Blum, Sheet W.W. W.W. 19 Blum

18 Soil C Stocks & Dynamics < 1 % C org 1-2 % C org 14 % 34 % Total 48 % Mediterr. 75 % Sheet 21

19 Soil Carbon Dynamics and Soil Management Organic vs conventional farming (Germany, Hülsbergen) + 0.2% Corg + 9 t C/ hectare 300 to 500 kg C build-up / year Sheet 22

20 Key agricultural practices supporting C-sequestration in in soils Lal, 2008

21 Increase of Soil Organic Matter (%) Organic Matter Increase in Compost Fertilised Soils Trend increase Soil Organic Matter [SOM] =0.012xSOM; R² = 0.43 Input of Organic Matter with compost ferrtilisation (t/ha dry matter) Kluge et al. (2008) 24

22 Humus effect: 14 years compost field trial STIKO VIENNA Compost (t ha -1 ; FM) C1 8 C2 14 C3 20 N from fertilizer (kg ha -1 ) (average of 14 years) N1 26 N2 41 N3 57 O - - Source:

23 Humus content in % after 14 years of comparative compost/mineral fertlisation % 4 STIKO field trial, Vienna Quelle: LBI 0 without fertilization O BK1 BK2 BK3 N1 N2 N3 N1BK1 N2BK1 N3BK1 N1BK2 N1BK3 compost fertilization mineral fertilization combined fertilization Source:

24 Humus BALANCE after 14 years of comparative compost/mineral fertlisation Humus balance (kg C ha -1 y -1 ) without fertilization O C1 C2 C3 N1 N2 N3 compost fertilization mineral fertilization Source:

25 Carbon distribution in humic fractions 21 years DOCtrial FiBl CH C distribution in humic fractions g Corg / kg soil Humines, the most stable humic fraction, are significantly increased in bio-dyn manure compost plots Fließbach Sheet et al. 28 (2000)

26 Bild-up of Stable Aggregates 21 Jahre DOKtrial FiBl, CH Aggregate Stability (% stable aggregates >250µm Alföldi et al In soils treated with bio-dyn Manure Compost stable macro aggregates are increased by 20 to 30 % Sheet 29

27 Effect of compost on pore size distribution of topsoils (5-15 cm) compost application: trial without 84 t TS ha -1 in 2 applications without trial 52 t TS ha -1 every 3 years 104 t TS ha -1 every 3 years > 50 µm µm 5-10 µm 1-5 µm 0,2-1 µm < 0,2 µm Vol.- Ebertseder & Gutser, 2003 Sheet 30

28 Compost reduces soil loss by Erosion Total soil loss (kg/ha) in compost vs. control plots Total Soil Loss (kg/ha) Control CMC-Compost Standard Compost Sheet 31 Strauss, 2001

29 Sheet 32 Hartl et al. (2000); Hartl (2007)

30 Summary of fertilising value of compost nutrient input / export [kg/ha] Kluge et al. (2008) input with 6-7 t/ha dm compost input with 10 t/ha dm compost moderate export of crops * high export of crops ** to (-) Crop export: - to + mean values N P 2 O 5 K 2 O MgO * moderate maize / winter wheat / winter barley ** high sugar beet / winter wheat / winter barley straw remains on the field + 33

31 Current Trading Schemes... relevant for Compost and soil? Strategies to tackle climate change often do not recognise the potentially important role of LULUCF (Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry, i.e. farm-and soil-based activities) e.g. EU Emission Trading Schemes (Dir. 2003/87) Excludes C sinks and LULUCF from crediting/trading!! Composting in CDMs? Composting included in CDM schemes by the CDM Board (2005) A standard calculation method to assess GHG savings has been defined Only methane savings from landfills are allowed for, yet No crediting of soil-related benefits Sheet 34

32 Mechanism for monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions a new approach in the EU REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on the inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry into the 2030 climate and energy framework and amending Regulation No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and the Council on a mechanism for monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions and other information relevant to climate change Article 2 (c) Scope: Accounting for managed cropland, managed grassland and managed wetland Article 5 (4): Member States shall include in their accounts for each land accounting category any change in the carbon stock of the carbon pools listed in Annex I, section B. Annex I - B. Carbon pools pursuant to Article 5(4): (a) above-ground biomass; (b) below-ground biomass; (c) litter; (d) dead wood; (e) soil organic carbon; (f) for afforested land and managed forest land: harvested wood products. 35

33 Climate relevance of biowaste management Direct CO 2 emission reduction creates carbon sinks through formation of humus (compost) use of compost fertilizer (organic farming) reduces N 2 O emission use of peat-free soils reduces peat depletion Source: Rogalski; MA48; City of Vienna Harvest backlog 25% 60% 60% Compost Easily degradable organic matter Mineralisation within 2-4 years 40% Active pool - soil Mineralisation within years 15% 1% Passive pool - soil Mineralisation within 3000 years 99%

34 Importance of C in soils: EXAMPLE from FRANCE Gg CO2 Source: "National Communications from Parties included in Annex 1 to the Convention: Greenhouse Gas Inventory Data" ton C hectares Arable Land Area 3600 ton/ha unit weight of the soil ,00 ton soil 0,258% % of Carbon to be locked up in the soil in order to balance the overall national emissions of carbon dioxide in 1 year Source: Enzo Favoino, SAPM, Italy

35 Total possible GHG savings from treatment of organics GHG saving by Anaerobic digestion with combined heat & power (CHP) option 1 94 to 188 kg (substitution) to 180kg (transport) kg CO 2 eq. 135 C-sink in the soil by added humus 80 Peat substitution and avoided transport Replaced mineral fertiliser 30 Total Source: Enzo Favoino, SAPM, Italy

36 Are there any good incentives for C-sequestration or humus build-up in Europe? Country Humus build-up program Netherlands Ireland Hungary Austria Italy NO NO EU Structural Fund (Operational Programm Environment covers 40% of eligible costs) is only granted if 50% of the compost is applied on agricultural land based on a mutual contract Only indirect by accepting compost as organic fertiliser within the Agricultural Environment Program (substituting mineral N, biological agriculture) Regional Rural Development Programs dedicated to compost application pay between 78.- and per ha

37 GHG balance of the Vienna plot trial STIKO after 14 years GHG potential (kg CO 2 -eq ha -1 y -1 ) * Fresh matter compost per ha and year 8 t* 14 t* 20 t* O C1 C2 C3 N1 N2 N3 Net GHG emission Net CO 2 sequestration Source: MA 48, Vienna; Bioforschung Austria

38 Carbon sequestration in compost fertilisation systems Rodale Institute 10-years composted manure Carbon sequestration of up 2,000 kg/hectare 7,000 kg CO2 per Hectare Standard tillage + chemical fertilizers lost almost 300 kg/hectare] Sheet 41

39 ECOREGION Kaindorf, Austria a local CO 2 trading scheme The Humus build-up project: 1. Contracting the farmers 2. Sample taking of each plot (25 incremetal sampling points (275,- ) Every 2 5 years 3. Self responsisibility of farmers for all measures 4. Calculation of additional C sequestration 5. Farmers receive 30,-/to CO 2 6. Farmer has to gurantee the achieved C-level for 5 years! Source: G. Dunst; Humusprojekt Kaindorf, Austria, 2016

40 ECOREGION Kaindorf Humus build-up measures Compost application Green manuring SUMMER Cover crops Mixed cropping Green manuring WINTER Source: G. Dunst; Humusprojekt Kaindorf, Austria, 2016

41 ECOREGION Kaindorf, Austria a local CO 2 trading scheme How is the CO 2 stock calculated: Total plot [m²] x 0.25 m³ = total volume x soil dry density [d.m.] x % soil fraction < 2mm [= to soil without sceleton/stones] x %C x 3,67 = tons CO2 1% Soil Organic Matter ~ 55 to 65 t CO 2 per hectare Source: G. Dunst; Humusprojekt Kaindorf, Austria, 2016

42 ECOREGION Kaindorf, Austria a local CO 2 trading scheme Companies that buy CO2 compensation credits The companies pay: 45,00 / to CO2 Only CO2 is compensated that cannot be avoided otherwise Yearly assessment by indipendent institute of the total direct and indirect CO2 emission including the entire production and logistic chain CO2 reductiion strategy and implementation plan Substitution of fossil to renewable energy supply Allocation of bought CO 2 credits dirctly to the sequestered CO2 of a specific farm and plot! Source:

43 ECOREGION Kaindorf Humus build-up DATA BASE 42 plots SOM build-up % absolute Source: G. Dunst; Humusprojekt Kaindorf, Austria,

44 C/N 12 ECOREGION Kaindorf Humus build-up DATA BASE 42 plots The impact on C/N Ratio Source: G. Dunst; Humusprojekt Kaindorf, Austria, 2016 C/N start C/N final

45 Nitrogen Fractions in Organic Fertilisers [kg N / t fresh matter] soluble easily mobilised passive pool => humus reproduction mature compost fresh compost solid manure, cattle digestate, solid digestate, liquid slurry, cattle slurry, pigs straw green manure Bundesgütegemeinschaft Kompost e.v., 2005 Sheet 48

46 N losses [% of N supply] ECOREGION Kaindorf Humus build-up measures At C/N < ~6 the entire added N get lost! Nearly no losses of applied N only from C/N >~

47 C/N ratio ECOREGION Kaindorf Humus build-up measures Interdependence of SOM level and C/N ratio From a SOM content of > 4.5% the C/N ratio is always < 9 A very low C/N ratio can be only found at SOM levels < 2.5 SOM [%]

48 Relation between C/N ratio and N mineralisation rate in the year of the application of different organic materials Digestate of various organic residues Bone meal, keratin Digestate of energy crops & biowaste N release [%] Pig slurry, vinasse, rape cake etc. Legume grain shred ½ rotted cattle manure Biowaste compost C/N Ratio Sheet 51

49 Disease supressing effect of compost Sheet 52 Joeke Postma & Els Nijhuis, 2015

50 Impact of decomposition and maturity on disiease supressing effect of organic matter applied! Raw organic matter shows a high variation of effects In 44% increased decomposition effectuates disease suppression In 23% the opposite is the case Different pathogens react different With ongoing maturation the microbial competition weakens saprophytic pathogens Further mineralisation decreases biodiversity growth conditions for all organisms, thus alsodeminishing the suppressing capacity Bonanomi et al. 2010

51 Enzymatic Chem.-physical Microbiological SI Suppressions-Index Impact of microbial, chemo-physical & enzymatic parameter with different organic amendments Bonanomi et al all amendments compost crop residues organic waste

52 Experiences of European Compost Producers How to create sustainable compost markets? + = Separate collection of organic waste = Clean sources Quality Assurance = External!! control High quality composts/digestates =.. Marketable product

53 The Quality Assurance System Sanctions, complaints, measures Not okay Composting Plant Member national QA-Organisation + QAS Contract Requirements Biowaste Ordinance Quality Manual of QAO Contract LAB: regular external quality testing Quality Committee - evaluates Assessment Report - decides on approval Okay Assessment Report Quality Label /Certificate Accredited Laboratory - sampling - quality analysis - Test Report Inspector s Report Bg QA Organisation for Compost On-site plant inspection and audits Assessment of Compliance based on A) Compliance Report B) Inspection Report Test Report

54 Country Austria Belgium Germany Denmark Italy Quality Assurance Organisation /Scheme National QAS for compost in EU ARGE Kompost & Biogas Flemish compost organisation VLACO Compost Quality Assurance Organisation (Bundesgütegemeinschaft Kompost BGK) DAKOFA (Danish Association on waste management) Italian Compost Association (CIC) Netherlands BVOR Dutch Association of Compost Plants and Dutch Waste Management Association DWMA/VA Sweden Swedish Waste Management Association (Avfall Sverige) UK UK Compost Certificatiion Scheme Bulgaria 100 First Zero Waste & Organic Cycle Organisation (100 NGO) / ARGE Kompost & Biogas 57

55 Main areas of compost utilisation in the EU Range [n=12 MS] Market range Agriculture 1) 45-78% Horticulture 3-15% Landscaping 6-20% Blends/soil mix 10-15% Land reclamation 2-10% Hobby gardening 12-20% Export 6-7% 1) Incl some special cultures like vinyards 2) in small bags. Sheet 58

56 Compost Markets and Sales Prices per ton Greenhouses EUR High quality compost Additional specifications Sports turf EUR Nurseries EUR Landscaping EUR Hobby. gardens EUR 5-20 Top soil mix EUR High price market Low price market Organic farms EUR 2-6 Landfill cover EUR 0-4 Agriculture EUR 0-4 Wine and fruit EUR 2-4 Standard qualities

57 Component market value of compost ( /t) Compost value based on market price for mineral ferrtiliser and the humus reproduction value based on the the price for straw (Germany 2015) 20,00 18,00 16,00 14,00 12,00 10,00 8,00 6,00 4,00 2,00 0, Stickstoff (N) Phosphor (P2O5) Kalium (K2O) Magnesium (Mg0) Kalk (CaO) Kompost-Humus (C) Quelle Düngemittelpreise: Landwirtschaftliches Wochenblatt Westfalen Lippe ASA e. V Leipzig 60

58 /t Market prices of compost (Germany; at facility) 60,00 50,00 50,00 40,00 30,00 20,00 15,00 10,00 7,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 1,00 Privat Landwirtschaft niedrig mittel hoch ASA e. V Leipzig 61

59 2 Marketing Trends of Composting Facilities 1. Little or no marketing for high volume markets that require only standard product quality, such as agriculture Organic waste treatment plant or 2. Specialised marketing for high quality compost products supplied to high value markets e.g. growing media - large range of value added products - specialised, tailor-made mixtures Humus and soil production plant

60 SMS at compost plants = Saturday Morning Service SMS at sites provides everything what gardeners need on a Saturday morning e.g. compost, bark, sand, stones, gravel in out Bulk supply Drop-off area for garden organics Compost super market

61 Recommandations and Specifications for Use Basic tool to develop compost markets if properly done. Only in cooperation with end-user organisations!

62 Blooming Blühende Coffee Kaffeefilter Filters Marketing with posters Tasty Green Cuttings Our soil creates benefit Our soil & creates benefit Space for logo & address

63 Professional Marketing - Competitive to Bark/Peat Industry FLORATOP compost products presentation in a supermarket chain. Return of up to 70 Euro/cbm!!!!

64 The Compost Market Is there a demand for compost? A) No real demand in starting countries, because compost products and their benefits are UNKOWN. B) A strongly growing demand in advanced countries with mature and developed markets The amount of produced compost is increasing No marketing problems for quality compost, high demand The development of different compost products leeds to an opening of additional market sectors and demand. Different market sectors have different prices, sometimes quite low, partly quite high (agriculture versus growing media sector)

65 Market of Compost in EU Average price for compost products in EU Prices range from 0-30 per tonne - depending on the feedstock, content of nutrients and quality Average cost for composting in EU: EUR per tonne 69

66 City of VIENNA - compost utilisation Peat-free Substrate production Guter Grund (in sum approx. 20,000 t/a) > 37,000 bags/a 18 litres bag: 3, 40 litres bag: 5 / Agriculture, particularly organic farming (approx. 20,000 t/a) Free distribution to inhabitants (approx. 5,000 t/a) Production of compost/soil blends (approx. 2,000 t/a) City parks and gardens, private businesses, other (approx. 3,000 t/a)

67 Current compost utilisation Co-operation with potting-soil-production facility, production of peat-free potting soil Guter Grund (in sum approx. 20,000 t/a) Agriculture, particularly organic farming (approx. 20,000 t/a) Made available to inhabitants (approx. 5,000 t/a) Production of compost/soil blends (approx. 2,000 t/a) City parks and gardens, private businesses, other (approx. 3,000 t/a) Applied research (first of all with Bioresearch Austria) Cross-border co-operation in EU context (e.g. BIORES )

68 What the clay-humus complex provides Provides a conducive environment for beneficial microbes Enhances N, P, K, and other nutrient uptake Aids in the decomposition of soil minerals by forming metal-clay-organic processes Improves the soil s water holding capacity Loosens the soil structure Aids in the degradation or inactivation of toxic substances Buffers soil ph Liberates CO2 needed for photosynthesis Stabilizes soil temperatures Reduces water evaporation Reduces leaching of trace elements Increases seed germination and seedling development Accelerates root growth Increases the uptake of the high-energy adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) within the plant cell Increases yield & quality directly and indirectly Increases the permeability of nutrients back and forth through the cell wall Speeds up the plant s metabolism Enhances the chlorophyll content of leaves Sheet 72

69 Seminar in Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil Steps towards Sustainable Waste Management Venue: GRANFPOLIS Rua Cândido Ramos, 250, Capoeiras, Florianópolis - SC Date: 25 October :30 18:00 Practical transition steps towards resource efficiency and recycling practice Legal and strategic framework conditions towards a recycling society? Collection of municipal waste: residual waste, recyclables, from door to door to recycling centres logistics and economic instruments Integrating (residual) waste treatment and recycling technology Bio-waste: best practice collection & composting and anaerobic digestion options Basics of food waste prevention along the food supply chain 73

70 The Key = BIODIVERSITY! Fotos: Bioforschung Austria, Hildebrandt, Hedl, Amlinger

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