The Feasibility of Cover Crops in Dryland Farming
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- Briana Long
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1 The Feasibility of Cover Crops in Dryland Farming Abdel Berrada CSU-AES The New Mexico Sustainable Agriculture Conference December
2 Colorado Plateau/4-Corners Region Unique environment High elevation Finite water resources Low & erratic precipitation Frequent droughts Distance from markets Rich cultural history Archeological & natural resources Resourceful people
3 Monthly Precipitation 4.0 Akron (16.6") Yellow Jacket (15.6") Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Precipitation (in)
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5 Low level of inputs Dryland crop rotations Wheat-Fallow Wheat-Bean Wheat-Sun/Saff-Fallow Soil management Conventional tillage Minimum tillage
6 average crop yield & profit Crop Rotation Average yield (lb/ac) Estimated profit ($) Winter Wheat-Fallow 739 $12.99 Winter Wheat-Sunflower-Fallow 862 $23.53 Winter Wheat-Safflower-Fallow 827 $18.78 Winter Wheat-Opp. Crop-Sunflower-Fallow 736 $9.75 Winter Wheat-Dry Bean-Sunflower-Fallow 777 $3.71 Winter Wheat-Dry Bean-Dry Bean-Fallow 643 ($13.92) Average 758 $7.55
7 Wheat yield in Dolores Co. 25 Winter wheat yield (bu/ac)
8 Dry bean yield in Dolores Co Dry bean yield (lb/ac)
9 Challenges Short Growing season Low & variable precipitation/droughts Soil erosion Low crop yields Distance from markets Transportation costs Opportunities/Solutions Conserve soil & water Increase level of inputs Enhance resource use efficiency Grow high cash crops (e.g., organic) Diversify & intensify crop production Supplemental irrigation! Value-added products
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13 Sustainable ecosystems! Permanent pasture + grazing No-Till/Conservation tillage Cover crops! Organic farming Improve soil health & quality Reduce soil erosion Suppress weeds
14 The Feasibility of Cover Crops in Dryland Cropping Systems in SW Colorado and SE Utah Abdel Berrada (PI)
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16 Western SARE Project SW GOAL Determine if & how cover crops can enhance the sustainability of dryland farming in SW Colorado & SE Utah.
17 Cover Crop vs. Forage Crop Terminology (Holman et al., 2016) Cover crops are grown to provide agroecosystem benefits but not harvested. Forage crops are grown for feed that is either hayed or grazed. Forage crops can be managed for residue cover.
18 Objectives Agronomic feasibility: quantify the effects of CCs on soil moisture, soil fertility & quality, weed control, and cash crop. Economic viability: determine which cover cropping strategies are profitable. Education & Outreach: share project findings & promote soil health.
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20 Materials & Methods Three-yr. project started in Summer of 2015 Total of ten field trials representing two crop rotations (W-F, W-SA-F) and three management practices (CT & NT, Conventional & Organic crop production) Nine summer/fall-planted cover crop mixes and six spring-planted cover crop mixes (CCM) have been tested on farmers field and at the SWCRC. Number of species in the mix: 3 to 10
21 Cover Crops Selection Criteria On-farm trials: Collaborating farmer & NRCS select the CCM, in coordination with CSU-SWCRC. Objectives sought (N fix., biomass production, weed control, etc.) Seed availability Seed cost Tools: Green Cover Seeds SMARTMIX, local knowledge, experience
22 Soil water content & infiltration rate Traditional soil test analysis Haney soil health test Soil microbial community (PLFA)
23 Plant Measurements Canopy & ground cover (line-transect method) Plant biomass Cash crop yield and quality OTHER: Costs & returns
24 CCM (seeding rate) Plant Biomass (lbs DM/acre) Line-transect (%) Canopy Cover Cover Crops Volunteer Wheat CCM1 (29 #/A) CCM2 (35#/A) CCM3 (28#/A) CV (%) Pr > F
25 BN Oct. 29, 2015 Winter Peas-25%, Yellow sweet clover-5%, Berseem Clover-10%, Teff-5%, Sorghum- Sudangrass-10%, Proso Millet-10%, Nitro Radish-5%, Purple Top Turnip-5%, Sunflower- 5%, 20 lbs/ac BSW Early June 2016 BN Sampling period Plant DM (lbs/ac) Canopy Cover (%) Cover Crop Canopy (%) Fall Spring Pea-26%, Oat-32%, Barley-32%, Rapeseed- 3%, Safflower-3%, 15 lbs/ac
26 SG - June 9, 2016 Fallow (VW) Cover Crops: SSG, Barley, Dry Bean, Oat, Corn, Peas (2), 34 lbs/ac SG - October 14, lbs DM /ac Cover Crops: Balansa Clover, Crimson Clover, Ryegrass, Tillage 15 lbs/ac 230 lbs DM /ac
27 Soil & Yield SWCRC#1 Treatment September 2016 July ft. Soil moisture (%, g/g) NO 3 -N (lbs/ac) Wheat Yield (bu/ac) Grain Protein (%) CCM Fallow CV (%) Pr > F
28 *by weight Soil (9/16) & Yield Data SB CCM vs. Fallow BN % Soil moisture* (0-2 ft) BESW % Soil moisture* (0-2 ft) BN NO 3 -N (lbs/ac) BESW NO 3 -N (lbs/ac) BN Wheat (bu/ac) BESW Wheat (bu/ac) CCM Fallow NS 32.5
29 Plant SWCRC#2 on June 19, 2017 CCM planting date Plant Biomass (lbs DM/ac) Contribution (% of DM) Cereals Legumes Brassicas Volunteer wheat August April Significant at α=0.0001
30 Cover Crop Mixes at SWCRC#2 -- August 2016 CCM (lbs/ac) CCM1 (25) CCM2 (33) CCM3 (43) CCM4 (35) CCM5 (38) Cover Crop Species (% by weight) Winter Pea (67%), Berseem Clover (4%), Yellow Sweet Clover (1%), Sorghum-Sudangrass (11%), Proso millet (8%), Teff (4%), Nitro Radish (2%), Purple Top Turnip (1%), Sunflower (2%) Winter Pea (85%), Flax (10%), Nitro Radish (3%), Rapeseed (1%), Impact Forage Collards (1%) Winter Pea (66%), Winter Triticale (31%), Rapeseed (2%), Purple Top Turnip (1%) Winter Pea (54%), Yellow Sweet Clover (4%), Winter Triticale (38%), Rapeseed (2%), Nitro Radish (2%) Winter Pea (50%), Hairy Vetch (8%), Winter Triticale (35%), Sorghum- Sudan (5%), Nitro Radish (2%)
31 Cover Crop Mixes at SWCRC#2 -- April 2017 CCM (lbs/ac) CCM6 (24) CCM7 (10) CCM8 (22) Cover Crop Species (% by weight) Hairy vetch (14%), spring pea (62%), oat (16%), rapeseed (1%), flax (2%), safflower (4%) Balansa clover (40%), crimson clover (20%), annual ryegrass (30%), EcoTiller radish (10%) Crimson clover (2%), spring pea (67%), spring barley (25%), Nitro radish (7%)
32 Soil SWCRC#2 in September, 2017 Treatment 0-3 ft. Soil Moisture (%, g/g) NO 3 -N (lbs/ac) Aug 16 CCM -- CT Aug 16 CCM -- NT April 17 CCM -- CT April 17 CCM -- NT CT Fallow NT Fallow CV (%) Pr > F
33 Preliminary Conclusions 2 yrs of data [ (17.5 ), (12.6 )] 3 trials with a complete crop rotation Unique environment & No prior research data More data: infiltration rates, PLFA, etc.
34 How Much Biomass to Increase SOM By 1%? Assumptions 0-3 inch soil depth - 1,000,000 lbs of soil 10% of residue becomes OM, rest is mineralized Answer 100,000 lbs or 50 tons of residue
35 Too early to draw conclusions BUT the results to date are not in favor of cover crops in dryland farming in SW Colorado & SE Utah Cover crops depleted soil moisture and N. Apply N fertilizer? Cover crops depressed wheat yield. Longer term: Increased SOM, infiltration, biological activity Impacts on soil erosion & weed control (CC vs NT)
36 Plant biomass: Fall planting > Spring planting Number of species in the mix Species adaptation (pea, winter cereals, brassicas, SSG!) Management (planting & termination dates, seeding depth & rate, legume seed inoculation, etc.) Seed cost
37 Multiple species Synergetic effects Cover Crops Biomass Weed suppression Erosion control Water use Yield penalty Cereals> Brassicas> Legumes Mono = Mix Dry > Wet Single species Species dependent Ease of planting & termination
38 Wheat Yield (bu/a) Winter Wheat Yields as Influenced by Cover Crop after fallow after cover crop after single species after mixture Cover crops study in the Central Great Plains John Holman et al, March 18, 2016, Four States Ag Expo, Cortez, CO. 0 Dry Wet Dry Wet Conditions Data averaged over locations
39 Holman et al., 2016 (continued) Cover crops USE water Cover crops CAN be profitable IF hayed or grazed Irrigation makes this easier to accomplish Reducing fallow increases RISK of crop failure in semi-arid dryland production
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