Fine-tune Nitrogen Management Using 4R Stewardship
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1 Wheat Academy 2015 Fine-tune Nitrogen Management Using 4R Stewardship Haiying Tao Aaron Esser Department of Crop and Soil Sciences
2 4Rs of Nutrient Stewardship for N Right rate Right source Right timing Right place
3 N cycle in the soil-plant-atmosphere system Soil Fertility and Fertilizers, Havlin et al., 2005
4 N transformations Mineralization = organic N to mineral N (NH 4+ ) Immobilization = mineral N to organic N by microbes Denitrification = nitrate to gaseous NO, N 2 O, or N 2 Volatilization = Gaseous NH 3 loss to the atmosphere (NH 4+ to NH 3 at high ph >7.6 and urea to NH 3 ) NH 4+ Fixation = movement of ammonium into clays Nitrification = NH 4+ to NO 3 - Nitrate leaching = movement of nitrate in water below root zone
5 Fall-applied Fertilizers
6 What s Up With Fall Applied Aqua? Site Information Location: Wilke Farm, Ritzville Rotation: WW-SF SOM: 2.2% Total N need for yield goal: 270 lb/ac for yield goal 100 bu/acre Total mineral-n in 4-ft depth: 135 lbs/acre N Form: Aqua N Timing: Preplant in September N Rate: 90 lbs N/ac
7 Reactions of Aqua Ammonia in Soil N 2 O NO N 2 NH 3 Retention zone NH 3 NH 3 NH 3 NH + 4 NH 3 NH + 4 NH 3 Run off Denitrification Nitrification NO 3 - Leaching Immobilization Fixation Absorbed on CEC
8 Soil depth (foot) What s Up With Fall Applied Aqua? Apr Total Mineral-N (lbs N /acre)
9 Soil depth (foot) What s Up With Fall Applied Aqua? 30 Apr. Sept Nitrate-N (lbs N /acre)
10 Daily rainfall from Sept. 1 st Dec. 5 th 2016 (inch) Daily Rainfall Sept. 1 st Dec. 5 th Ritzville Total rainfall in Oct. = 4.86 inch Total rainfall in Nov. = 1.38 inch September October November
11
12 Soil depth (foot) What s Up With Fall Applied Aqua? Apr. Sept. Dec N available early in season N available later in season Total Mineral-N (lbs N /acre)
13 Soil test N for 1 st foot soil (lbs N/acre) What s Up With Fall Applied Aqua? NO3-N NH4-N April September December
14 What s Up With Fall Applied UAN28? Site Information Location: PCFS Farm, Pullman Rotation: WW Yield goal: 150 bu/acre N Form: UAN 28 N Timing: Preplant Oct. 12 N Rate: 0, 72, 120 lbs N/ac
15 What s Up With Fall Applied UAN28? A solution of Urea and NH 4 NO 3 50% NO 3 NH 4 : 50% Urea 25% NO % NH 4 + % by weight: UAN 32 : 45% NH 4 NO % Urea + 20% Water UAN 30: 42% NH 4 NO % Urea + 25% Water UAN 28: 40% NH 4 NO % Urea + 30% Water
16
17 Sampling depth (foot) Total Preplant Soil Mineral-N by Sampling Depth 1 Toe Slope Summit Slope Total preplant soil mineral-n by sampling depth (lbs N/acre)
18 Soil test N (lbs/acre) Preplant Soil NH 4+ -N & NO 3- -N by Sampling Depth NO3-N Toe Slope NH4-N Total N=136 lb/a Slope Total N=458 lb/a Summit Total N=431 lb/a Sampling depth
19 Daily rainfall from Oct. 1 st Nov. 30 th 2016 (inch) Daily Rainfall Oct. 1 st - Nov. 30 th? Pullman Total rainfall in Oct. = 5.69 inch Total rainfall in Nov. = 1.71 inch October November
20
21 Soil test N for first foot soil in December (lbs N/acre) Current Soil NH 4+ -N & NO 3 -N in First Foot Soil Depth 350 NO3-N NH4-N Summit Slope 200 Toe Slope PP PP PP N Rate (lbs N/acre)
22 Daily rainfall from Sept. 1 st Dec. 5 th 2016 (inch) Daily Rainfall Sept. 1 st - Nov. 28 th? 1.2 Ritzville Pullman September October November
23 Factors that Favor Denitrification Poor soil structure. Soil alternately wet and dry. Recent additions of easily decomposed carbon such as an alfalfa crop plowed down. Flooding. ph greater than 5.0, and the higher the ph the quicker the denitrification. ph < 5.5 = NO favored ph < = N 2 O favored ph > 6.0 = N 2 favored
24 Factors that Favor Denitrification Effect of soil water content (% of water-holding capacity) on denitrification in soil (Havlin et al., 2005)
25 Factors that Favor Denitrification Relationship between denitrification capacity and water-soluble organic C (Burford & Bremner, 1975) Effect of soil ph on denitrification in soil (Havlin et al., 2005)
26 Gravimetric water content sampled on Nov. 28 th (%) Current Soil Moisture Toe Slope Slope Summit
27 Yield (bu/acre) HRWW Yield and Protein from A Hill in Troy ID Protein (%)
28 Sower et al., Agron. J , 1994
29 Sower et al., Agron. J , 1994
30 Sower et al., Agron. J , 1994
31 The N required to increase grain protein from 12% to 14% for different yield levels as affected by NUE Brown et al. PNW578
32 Protein of Ute hard red winter wheat as affected by foliar applied urea or UAN 32 in 3 years of study at Parma, ID Brown et al. PNW578
33 Hard red spring wheat protein increase from 40 lbs late season applied N/acre as affected by flag leaf N percentage at heading Brown et al. PNW578
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