Fumigation and alternatives update for soil-borne pests

Transcription

1 Fumigation and alternatives update for soil-borne pests Oleg Daugovish, Steve Koike, Tom Gordon, Krishna Subbarao, Husein Ajwa, Steve Fennimore, Joji Muramoto, Carol Shannon, Mark Bolda

2 Macrophomina and Fusarium Fumigants Provide protection for most of the season Higher rates tend to be more efficacious Current UC Varieties some tolerant to Fusarium, not to Macrophomina

3 Studies of fumigant and variety performance in infested fields Vegetable and strawberry crop production Strawberry Recent Meetings

4 Fruit Yield, Ventura, 12/23/09-05/26/10 50 Camarosa, M. phaseolina isolated kg/plot A A A A A A -28% B MB/Pic Midas Pic high Pic low Pic low + Fung Pic-60 Control

5 Marketable yield, Ventura, CA kg/plot Pic low Pic-60 MB/Pic Pic low + Fung Control Pic high Midas 0.5 M.phaseolina isolated 0 from dead plants 12/23/2009 1/6/2010 1/20/2010 2/3/2010 2/17/2010 3/3/2010 3/17/2010 3/31/2010 4/14/2010 4/28/2010 5/12/2010 5/26/2010

6 Bed edges: - Less fumigant distributed? - Dryer/greater stress? - Root pruning aids infection?

7 Where did the plants die? A A A A A A A B

8 16 14 Mortality in bed rows, Inline, 200 lbs /a, F. oxysporum Left Left Center A plants/plot Right Center Right B A B C C C C Camarosa Albion

9 Inoculum buried in beds prior to fumigation Drip lines 6 in X X X 12 in X X X

10 Spores per gram of soil Effect of depth on fumigant efficacy Beds fumigated with Pic-60 6 depth 12 depth Location in bed

11 5 studies in Florida Doubling #of tapes = yield increase in all 5 studies, on average ~20% Plant stunting from sting nematode

12 Survival of Macrophomina after fumigation in Israel Freeman, et al. Treatments Crowns (%) at 30 cm Control 60 a MB 10 b MS 44 5 b MS 73 5 b Chloropicrin ab Chloropicrin ab

13 Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation = C-source + water + plastic mulch

14 Costs of C-sources for anaerobic soil disinfection Organic material Local price $/ton Amount tons/acre Cost $/acre Rice bran (CA)* $ $ Mustard cake (CA) $1,600 1 $1,600 Molasses (FL) $ $617 Onion waste FREE Too high Delivery+spread Cover crop seeds (FL, TN) MeBr/Pic fumigation ~$1/lbs lbs/acre $ $2,500-3,000 * Approximately 75,000 tons of rice bran are available annually in CA.

15 Different C sources effectively reduce V. dahliae microsclerotia pot studies

16 ASD experiments in Ventura County

17 at Santa Paula: 2 tarps, 3 irrigation levels Effect of ASD on reduction rate of native Verticillium dahliae in soils in Ventura trial (2009). Baseline V. dahliae population in the soil at each treatment varied from 15 to 45 microsclerotia/gram soil.

18 at Santa Paula: Silty clay loam soil with native V. dahliae: 15 microsclerotia/gram soil Tarps (standard black 1.5 mil, and clear 1.25 mil) Untreated check (UTC), UTC + water, ASD 3 weeks (8/18 9/09), and ASD 6 weeks (8/18 9/30) - Rice bran 9 tons/acre in all ASD plots. - Irrigation: 3 ac-inches except UTC plots.

19 Incorporation of rice bran to beds

20

21

22 ASD ORP 2010

23 Soil temp deg C Soil Temperature F Soil Temperatures at 15cm depth (Vetura Trial 2010) Clear-ASD6wks Black-ASD6wks F F ASD treatment period (Days)

24 Nov 22, 2010 ASD 3WK, black Standard, black

25 Nov 22, 2010 ASD 3WK, clear Standard, clear

26 Canopy size, Nov 22, % A A B B

27 Feb 12 ASD 3WK, clear Standard, clear

28 Feb 12 ASD 3WK, black Standard, black

29 Significant reduction: ASDs < untreated standards

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31 Marketable fruit yield grams/plot Marketable fruit yield grams/plot 2000 Early Marketable Yield (Ventura, CA. Jan Feb Mean ± SD) Tarp Type 2000 ASD Treatments b b b a a a Black Clear 0 UTC UTC + water ASD 3 weeks ASD 6 weeks

32 Marketable yield, total +70% +87%

33 Marketable yield, clear mulch g/plot UTC/Clear ASD 3/Clear /13/2011 1/20/2011 1/27/2011 2/3/2011 2/10/2011 2/17/2011 2/24/2011 3/3/2011 3/10/2011 3/17/2011 3/24/2011 3/31/2011 4/7/2011 4/14/2011

34 Marketable yield, black mulch UTC/Black ASD 3/Black g/plot /13/2011 1/20/2011 1/27/2011 2/3/2011 2/10/2011 2/17/2011 2/24/2011 3/3/2011 3/10/2011 3/17/2011 3/24/2011 3/31/2011 4/7/2011 4/14/2011

35 April 19, 2011 ASD 3 wks/clear Untreated/clear

36 Plants with V.dahliae symptoms, Apr UNTREATED ASD #/16 plants per plot b a a b b b b b 0 Untreated/black Untreated/clear Untreated + water/black Untreated + water/clear ASD 3 wk/black ASD 3 wk/clear ASD 6 wk/black ASD 6 wk/clear

37 For effective ASD Need C-source uniformly mixed Standard LDPE mulch sufficient Black mulch as good as clear 3 inches of water - sufficient 3 weeks duration in summer

38 Applying non-fumigant combinations to a buffer zone

39 Fusarium oxysporum

40 NON-FUMIGANT COMBINATIONS Mustard + Solar Mustard + Steam Steam + Solar

41 Mustard seed meal 2,000 lbs /a

42 140ºF/60ºC at 12

43 15 cm

44 Nov 29, 2010 Mustard+Steam Untreated Solar+Steam Mustard+Solar

45 PLANT CANOPY AREA (size), Nov. 29, % a a a cm² 200 b Untreated Solar+steam Mustard +steam Solar+ mustard

46

47 Mustard+Steam Untreated 1 March 2011

48 Solar+Mustard Solar+Steam 1 March 2011

49 Macrophomina phaseolina # colonies/5 g of soil Untreated Solar+ mustard Solar+steam Mustard +steam 0-6" 6-12"

50

51 b a a a 42% < rest

52 Total marketable fruit yield (Jan- June 2011) 7000 g/20 plants % < rest b ab a a Untreated Solar+ mustard Solar+steam Mustard +steam

53 Marketable fruit yield 600 g/20 plants Solar + Steam Steam + Mustard Untreated Solar + Mustard /11/2011 1/19/2011 1/25/2011 2/1/2011 2/8/2011 2/15/2011 2/22/2011 3/1/2011 3/8/2011 3/15/2011 3/30/2011 4/5/2011 4/12/2011 4/20/2011 4/27/2011 5/11/2011 5/23/2011

54 Untreated Solar+Mustard 19 April 2011

55 Steam + Solar Steam + Mustard 19 April 2011

56 Mortality plants/45 ft of bed Number of life plants Untreated(black) Solar+Steam Steam+Mustard Solar+Mustard(black) a a b a b a a a b /24/ /7/ /21/ /5/ /19/2010 1/2/2011 1/16/2011 1/30/2011 2/13/2011 2/27/2011 3/13/2011 3/27/2011 4/10/2011 4/24/2011 5/8/2011 5/22/2011

57 End of the season mortality images June 2, 2011

58 Untreated /clear

59 Untreated / black

60 Solar + Steam

61 Solar + Mustard

62 Steam + Mustard

63 Fumigated / Skunk

64 Non fumigant combinations Did not eliminate fungal pathogens but may reduce their abundance in soil Improve plant vigor and productivity Economics? Clear mulch: Earlier and greater - yield - disease development and severity

65 Acknowledgements Terry Farms Solimar Farms California Strawberry Commission UC Hansen