Fig. 1 & 2 : Seed bed for SRI technique

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1 System of Rice Intensification (SRI) An Emerging Alternative to Conventional Water and Chemical Intensive Rice Cultivation suitable for Dakshin Dinajpur District of West Bengal... A Case Study Introduction Dakshin Dinajpur district is situated in the Old Alluvial Agro-climatic Zone of West Bengal. The average annual rainfall is 1690 mm with about 66 rainy days. During kharif season rice is the major crop. Other important crops grown in pre kharif season is Aus rice, jute and vegetable and in rabi season mustard, wheat, vegetable, potato, pulses, groundnut and sesame are the main crops. In Dakshin Dinajpur rice is cultivated profusely in a large area. Rice is cultivated in an area of thousand ha with production of thousand tones ( ). The average rice productivity of this district in is 2412 kg/ha, which is less than state average ( kg/ha). The lower productivity of rice in the district may be attributed to the lower irrigation facilities, poor soil fertility, and lower economic backup of farmers due to low diversification options in crops. Problems of Rice cultivation in Dakshin Dinajpur district Stagnant rice yield High cost of cultivation Non-availability of new rice varieties Incidence of sheath rot, yellow stem borer and other diseases and pests Indiscriminate use of fungicides, pesticides and fertilizers Very low use of organic manures Soil acidity problem and micronutrient deficiency Solution of the problems Rice is the staple food grain of the district. So, in spite of stagnant rice yield farmers still opt for rice cultivation in absence of alternative remunerative crop. In this backdrop, system of Rice Intensification (SRI) method has come as an alternative to augment the rice productivity. Timeline of paddy cultivation in the district is as follows Year Progress of rice cultivation 1965 Introduction of HYV 1980 Traditional cultivation technique of rice 1990 Stagnant rice yield. Farmers having no other option but to cultivate rice 2000 Water shortage due to scarcity of rain and uneven distribution of rainfall onwards 2006 KVK introduced SRI technique in the instructional farm of KVK to test the suitability of this technique in the district. Yield obtained was more than 10 ton/ha 2007 KVK conducted demonstration of SRI in collaboration with State Agriculture Department and documented the results. Spectacular result was obtained with yield more than 10 t/ha 2008 KVK successfully organized demonstration in 9.0 ha of land involving an NGO Farmers are now adopting the technique of SRI The Technology 1

2 Rice production system is undergoing changes due to progressive advancement in technologies and changes in the socio-economic conditions throughout the rice growing countries in South-East Asia. Everybody believes that Rice is an aquatic plant and grows best in standing water. Rice is not an aquatic plant, it can survive in water but does not thrive under hypoxic conditions. Rice plant spends lot of its energy to develop air pockets (aerenchyma tissue) in its roots under continuous inundation. Seventy per cent of Rice root tips get degenerated by flowering period. Fig. 1 & 2 : Seed bed for SRI technique System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is a system of Rice production in which synergistic interactions lead to much higher grain yield. SRI technology is a "Less Water" method of production which is suitable to poor farmers who have relatively more labour than land and capital. Under SRI, Paddy fields are not flooded but the soil is kept moist during vegetative phase. SRI requires only about half as much water as normally applied in irrigated rice. Fig. 3 : Seedling of rice for transplanting in SRI Fig. 4 : Transplanting of SRI seedling Seed requirement in SRI is much low (5-10 kg/ha) as compared with conventional method ( kg/ha). Transplanted young seedlings (8-15 days old) facilitate profuse tillering, minimal root injury during uprooting and transplanting resulted quick establishment of the plant. Wider spacing (25 cm 25 cm) allows enough sunlight to reach the leaves of each rice plant thus reducing competition for water, space and nutrients resulting in the spread of roots and healthy growth of plants. Single plant per hill instead of 3-4 together avoids the root competition. 2

3 In SRI, irrigation is given to wet the soil, just enough to saturate the soil with moisture; standing water is not necessary, rather it hampers the growth root and thus growth of paddy plant. Subsequent irrigation is suggested when the soil develops fine cracks. Irrigation interval depends on soil type and weather conditions. This method helps in better growth and spread of roots. Regular wetting and drying of soil results in increased microbial activity in the soil and easy availability of nutrients to plants. With less water, less seed, no fertilisers, no pesticides, more soil organic matter and more soil aeration, the productive potential of rice can be unleashed. As a new way of looking at rice cultivation and solely driven by the innovative farmers, System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is emerging as an alternative to conventional water and chemical intensive rice cultivation. SRI method is emerging as a potential alternative to traditional way of flooded rice cultivation and is showing great promise o address the problems of water scarcity, high energy usage, and chemicalisation. Six mechanisms of SRI 1. Early Transplanting : Seedling 8-12 days old, when plant has only two small leaves, before fourth phyllochron. 2. Careful Transplanting : Remove plant from nursery with the seed, soil and roots carefully and place it in the field without plunging too deep into soil. It minimizes trauma in transplanting. 3. Wide Spacing : Plant single seedling, not in clumps, and in a square pattern, not rows, 25cm x 25cm or wider. 4. Weedling and Aeration : Needed because no standing water is there, use simple mechanical "rotating hoe" that churns up soil; 4 weedings recommended before panicle initiation; first weeding 10 days after transplanting. 5. Water Management : Regular water applications to keep soil moist but not saturated, with intermittent dryings, alternating aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. 6. Compost / FYM : It is applied instead of or in addition to chemical fertilizer; 10 tons/ha. Advantages of SRI Saving on seeds, as the seed requirement is less Saving of water, as the water requirement is less Withstands short gaps in water availability (like burning of transformers, delayed rains etc.) Saving on chemical fertilizers, pesticides More healthy and tasty rice due to organic farming practices Higher yields due to profuse tillering, increased panicle length and grain weight Easy and effective seed multiplication, as a small quantity is required as seed Disadvantages Higher labour costs in the initial years Difficulties in acquiring the necessary skills 3

4 Fig. 5 : Single seedling in SRI main field Fig. 6 : Paddy at its tillering stage in SRI Intervention by KVK From the rabi season of 2006, the Dakshin Dinajpur KVK started its activity in the field of SRI techniques. During the first year only on station trial was conducted to find out the suitability of this technique in this district and the result was spectacular. The yield obtained about 11 t per ha. In the next year again OST and 2 trials at farmer's field was conducted and the result was appreciable as compared to the traditional techniques of rice cultivation. The results of the on station trial are presented below Parameters Minimum Maximum Average Tiller per hil Panicle per hil grain weight (g) Grain yield (t/ha) Straw yield (t/ha) Fig. 7 : On-Station Trial on SRI technique 4 Fig. 8 : SRI plot in farmers field In we selected about 60 farmers with the active collaboration of one NGO (Tagore Society for Rural Development, Tapan, D. Dinajpur) for demonstration of SRI technique in Paddy field and we covered about 9 ha of land. The area covered with 9 villages (Dighipara, Singhhari, Dakshin Naogaon, Bharupara, Kathalpukur, Purba Mamnapur, Balapur, Dogachi & Mamna) under Tapan Block and Balurghat Block of D. Dinajpur district. Farmers were satisfied with the result obtained by using SRI technique as compared to the traditional methods. After conducting different field days, other farmers of the villages became interested to follow SRI technique in their paddy field in the next year.

5 Fig. 9 : Mechanical weeding in SRI field Fig. 10 : Comparison of paddy tiller and root growth with conventional method Performance of SRI Technique in some of the selected Farmers' Field during Rabi Name of the Farmers Village Block Variety Yield (q/ha) SRI Traditional Rajib Mohanta Dogachi Balurghat IET Balia Tigga Mamna Balurghat IET Lalmani Oraon Balapur Tapan MTU Kamal Ch. Roy Singhari Tapan IET Mangal Kisku Singhari Tapan IET Tapan Sarkar Bharupara Tapan IET Niranjan Pramanik Dighipara Tapan IET Mukul Sarkar Kathalpukur Tapan IET Bital Mahato Purba Mamnapur Tapan IET Binod Tudu Ganahar Tapan IET Fig. 11 : Effective tillers in SRI Fig. 12 : Rice at full tillering stage in saturated soil 5

6 Fig. 13 : Field Day on SRI Economics of SRI and traditional system of rice cultivation Sl. Cost (Rs./ha) Particulars No. SRI Traditional 1. Land preparation, leveling & transplanting Seed Organic manure Fertilizer Weeding Plant protection Irrigation Harvesting Threshing, winnowing, bagging and transport Total Yield (kg/ha) Cost of paddy (per kg) Income Net Profit B : C ratio 3.64 : : 1 Fig. 14 : SRI field at harvesting stage 6

7 Steps Taken by KVK for Technology Dissemination On-Station Trial Demonstration in Govt. Farm in collaboration with the State Govt. Selection of Villages Group Interaction Linkages with 1. NGO 2. Deptt. of Agriculture Identification of Farmers On-Station Demonstration of SRI Training of Farmers Seed, variety, fertilizer & manure, PPC Demonstration in Farmers' Field Monitoring Field Days Conclusion SRI is spreading because it is versatile and can more than double farmers net income. With SRI, farmers do not need new rice varieties, because all cultivars respond positively. SRI reduces seed requirements by 80-90%, it slashes otherwise significant hybrid seed costs. Higher yields with a 25-50% reduction in water requirements addresses a growing need to conserve water in this century. Initially it is more labour-intensive by about 25-50%. Farmers are now adopting the technique a big way. Farmers Club organized by NABARD have come forward in larger dissemination of the technology. 7

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