Cuban Agricultural History

Transcription

1 AGRICULTURE IN CUBA

2 Cuban Agricultural History Cuban Revolution 1959 Soviet Union Collapse 1989 Post 2000

3 After Cuban Revolution U.S. Embargo

4 Trade Alliance with Soviet Union

5 Dependency on Soviet Union Agricultural Dependency IndustrialDependency Monocrop production of export crops Machinery, petroleum and other inputs Agrichemicals, hybrid seeds, etc.

6 First Agrarian Reform 1959 Cattle Areas & Sugarcane Plantations State Farms Second Agrarian Reform 1962

7 Post-Soviet Bloc Collapse By 1992 trade with Eastern Bloc declined to 7% of its 1989 value Import capacity declined by 75% from 1989 to 1992

8 From 1989 to 1993, GDP declined by 35-40% Fertilizer imports dropped by 80%

9 Agricultural Land First Agrarian Reform in 1959 State takes control 63% of agricultural land Even in 1994, 80% of the lands are under state s control BUT remaining 20% produces 40% of the domestic food production

10 From High Input to Low Input Chemicals replaced by locally produced biological substitutes Synthetic fertilizers replaced by organic fertilizers Tractors replaced by animals In 1993, state farms turned into Basic Units of Cooperative Production(UBPC)

11 Basic Units of Cooperative Production(UBPCs) 80% of farmland turned over to workers State still has the property rights, UBPCs still have to meet production quotas BUT collectives are owners of what they produce

12 Economic Recovery From 1995 to 2000 GDP grew at a rate slightly higher than 4.7%(It was around 3% in Latin America in 1990s) Labor productivity rose 20% in Special Period In , highest ever production levels for ten of the thirteen basic food items in Cuban diet.

13 Elements of Recovery Agroecological technology instead of chemicals Fair prices for farmers Redistribution of land Greater emphasis on local production

14 Cuban agriculture between 2000 to today The Birth of National Movements

15 The key player is ANAP National Association of Small Farmers of Cuba Farmer-to-Farmer Agroecology Movement Promote training process to raise awarness Build an effective feedback system

16 Agro-ecological pratices like started to become more critical. So what was changing; Counter planting Planting in terraces Inceasing biodiversity Diversification of sugarcone plantation Increase use of alternative energy sources

17 What went wrong after this growth term? Cuba was self-dependent 2008 Hurricane Season in Cuba Deforestation Loss of biodiversity Holguin and Las Tunas examples

18 Modern agriculture, which began in the 1950s, is more resource intensive, very fossil fuel dependent, using fertilisers, and based on massive production. This policy has to change.small-scale traditional farming is the only way to avoid food crisis. UN Special Reporter on the Right of Food

19 Cuba has the resources; 6 million hectares of level land & 1 million hectares of slopy land that is still only 50% cultivated. In 2008 Raul Castro allowed private farmers and co-op s to lease state land. Also after 2010 all the co-op s and small farmers were let to market the surplus production.

20 AGRICULTURE IN CHINA

21 FARMERS CANNOT OWN LAND IN CHINA THEY CAN LEASE IT.

22 COMMUNIST PARTY ROSE TO POWER IN 1949 Great Leap Forward began in Almost all farms were collecjvized by is the only Jme period in modern Chinese history where the economy shrank

23 Land was given to collecaves Farmers earned points in groups. Results of the Great Leap Forward was devastajng. An esjmated million people died. CCP leadership blamed Mao. As a result Mao inijated Cultural revolujon to regain power.

24

25 Reformers returned to family oriented agriculture in Post- Mao era

26

27 UnAl 1985 households were given producaon quotas, but allowed to sell the surplus to the government on high prices

28 That move was important because it not only turned responsibility back to the household, but also higher prices

29 At the same Jme, price of agricultural inputs rose slowly, meaning very high profit rates for farmers

30 TOWARDS THE THIRD REGIME? Village heads reallocated land through "big" re- allocajons, in which all of the land in the collecjve was leased to others. This discouraged farmers from invesjng in the land. Big re- allocajons were banned in 2003 and this allowed farmers to lease the land to locals and non- locals Such a rental market significantly improved producjvity and allowed less producjve farm workers to relocate to cijes. But land grabs have caused social unrest and protests in Wukan and Guangdong, with villagers demanding they be returned their farm land

31

32 In 2006, AboliJon of Agricultural Tax

33 Despite having less water, South Korean Farmers are 40 Jmes more producjve than the Chinese

34 This is because Chinese farming is very labor intensive and far less mechanized than South Korean farming

35 China's economic growth has been driven by the migrajon of labor from the countryside For that to conjnue, output per farmer needs to more than double over the next three decades