Rural Connectivity A New Deal for Rural India. H. K. Srivastava, Director Projects, NRRDA Ministry of Rural Development Government of India

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1 Rural Connectivity A New Deal for Rural India H. K. Srivastava, Director Projects, NRRDA Ministry of Rural Development Government of India

2 If we get the road, we would get everything else, community centre, employment, post- office, telephone -- A young women, Little Bay, Jamaica

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4 * 80% of Rural Roads unsurfaced * 0.33m habitations (40%) out of 0.825m rural habitations lacked allweather connectivity in Road Network, India NH, Rural Roads, (84.4%) In Km SH & MDR, NH National Highways, SH State Highways, MDR Major District Road

5 Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana Programme launched on 25th Dec as 100% Centrally Sponsored Scheme The Primary Objectives: To connect all 500+ Unconnected Habitations For Hill & NE States, Desert and Tribal Areas 250+ unconnected habitations also to be connected. Secondary Objective: To upgrade existing roads to ensure all weather farm-to-market connectivity. Total Investment : US $ mn Eligible Habitations : 170,000, mn km

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7 Financing of PMGSY Special fuel Cess to generate about US $ 930 million per annum Funding Support from multilateral agencies ADB US $ 1250 mn WB - US $ 400 mn (Additional support of $ 500mn in process) Borrowing of US $ 3670 mn proposed from National Bank for Agriculture & Rural Development (NABARD)

8 PMGSY- Network Planning A Core Network of rural roads is prepared for every district. Minimal Network to provide one basic access to every eligible habitations. Consultation with the Institutions of Local Self Governments in preparation and finalization of the Core Network Scheme for Prioritization & Selection of sub projects. The process eschews adhocism and discretion in subproject selection thereby ensuring objectivity, transparency and equity

9 Typical District DRRP Rural At Roads Block Plan Level Simdega Block, Simdega District, Jharkhand Typical Core Network Plan at Block Level Simdega Block, Simdega District, Jharkhand

10 Setting Standards and Specifications Rural Roads Manual prepared in 2002 Standard Data Book and Book of Specifications published in 2004 Design and Estimates based on detailed field surveys and soil tests Design & Estimates checked by the designated State Technical Agencies Procedures and processes to be followed codified in the Operations Manual Environmental Code of Practice (ECoP) and Resettlement & Participatory Frame work (RPF) in place.

11 Institutional Architecture for Effective Implementation National Rural Roads Development Agency (NRRDA) set up at the Central Government Level for providing technical and management support to the Programme. State Level Rural Road Development Agencies (SRRDA) setup to eliminate multiplicity of agencies Dedicated Programme Implementation Units at the District Level. Standardization of Bidding process 3 Tier Quality Assurance System

12 Year Average Cost 000 $/ km Cost Optimization Measures taken Pavement Performance study undertaken to study & modify design parameters, specifications Full scale investigations & need based design insisted Jute Geotextile, Soil Stabilization Use of locally available materials Gravel roads Use of low end machinery Stage Construction

13 A Well Equipped Field Laboratory District Morena MP

14 Online Management Monitoring & Accounting System

15 HRD Interventions Special Training Programmes organized for Implementing Staff Requirement based courses developed Contractor s Engineer and workers included Training through established Institutions and Engineering Colleges Faculty from Academia as well as Field Provision for International exposure Nearly 15,000 personnel trained

16 Maintenance of Road Assets Estimated loss due to poorly maintained roads US $ 2200 mn/year Providing systematic maintenance of Rural Road Core Network emphasized in the Programme. 5 year paid maintenance included in the Construction Contract. Grants to the State under 12 th Finance Commission for additional funding Prioritization of maintenance based on Pavement Condition Survey

17 Maintenance Management Cost/year is 1.5 to 2% of Constn Cost Development & Adoption of Asset Management Practices Insistence on Preventive maintenance Maintenance norms specified in Operations Manual Zonal maintenance management system Involvement of local community

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19 Achievement of PMGSY % % 19% 30% 0 Habitation (in No.) Length of road works (Km) Total Cleared Completed

20 Then Now

21 Then Now

22 Challenges Ahead Satisfactory delivery on Cost, time, Quality and Safety dimensions Capacity building of Contractors, Engineers, Technicians and Works, Encourage Equipment Bank System Cost Optimization Social & Environmental concerns

23 Impact Assessment Activities spread all over Country Relatively short duration since launching of the programme Basic Access Rural Roads Project Andhra Pradesh Economic Restructuring Project (APERP, WB, 1997) PMGSY- Quick Assessment Monitoring Division, MoRD, GoI Project Appraisal Rural Roads Project- WB 2004 Monitoring of Socio-economic Impacts Base line and half yearly report Jan June 06 (ADB Financed Project in Chattisgarh) Data collected in respect of 5 proposed States for 2 nd World Bank financed Projects. Socio-economic Impact Assessment & Road users satisfaction Survey (Feb 2007) MoRD, GoI

24 Andhra Pradesh Basic Access Rural Roads Project Andhra Pradesh-India World Bank Assisted 3 poor rural districts Aimed to improve rural road network to atleast basic all weather passable standards Impacts based on opinion survey 25% 14% Bringing outside Teachers Brining outside Doctors Purchase of more fertilizers 6% 21% 10% 24% Expansion of cultivated land More seasonal work opportunities Higher intensity of cultivation

25 Andhra Pradesh Average Goods Transportation Cost All Weather Roads in Good Condition Fair-Weather Roads Badly Maintained Roads

26 Andhra Pradesh Summary of Rural Household Survey Connected Unconnected Household income $/year Literacy Rate distance traveled for fertilizer distance traveled for seeds Fertilizer by Cart $ /t/km Fertilizer by lorry $ /t/km distance to School km

27 PAD World Bank Project Preparation 5 pair of villages in each of 4 States Detailed Surveys to determine production, agricultural output and commodities prices, social indicators and levels of traffic generated Survey

28 PAD ults: Res Production Rs./Capita Crop Exports (% production) Cooking Oil Rs./l Sugar Rs. /kg Detergent (0.5 kg) Cement/ bag 1 US $ = Rs Connected Unconnected

29 PAD Socio Economic Access Uttar Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Road No Road Road No Road Matriculate % Health visit % Mortality % Electricity %

30 PAD Transport Mobility Uttar Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Conn ected Unconn ected Conne cted Unconnect ed Mobike Car Tractor Bus Truck NMT* 0.7 * Non motorized Transport

31 Impact Assessment of PMGSY 2004 Key Findings Increase in earnings due to increased access to market, motorized equipment for farming, fertilizer, seed, pesticides usages. Switch over from food to cash crops vegetables, milk. Reduce Transportation Cost Improved access to health facilities Increased school enrolment particularly girl child Regular attendance by teachers Increase frequency of visit by govt. officials, grass root workers improved governance Improvement in postal services telephones, quicker access to police service in emergencies Private & Public transport system new & improved.

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35 Socio Economic Impact Assessment 2007 Project Survey 2 districts part of study in 10 States Results illustrative, complete survey by Oct., 07 States of Rajasthan Bhilwara, U. P. - Mujaffar nagar Effect of Road Development Increase in Girl Schooling 2% Reduction in Travel time 26 Increase in Travel Cost 20 Increase in Household expenditure 13 Increase in agricultural yield 4 Increase in Non farm employment 4

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37 Usual Mode of Travel Districts Not applicable Bhilwada Project Post pro. Pre Pro Value in % Muzaffarnagar Project Post pro. Pre Pro Walk Bicycle Auto rikshaw Mini bus Two-wheeler Bus Train Jugar Own vehicle

38 Children in household receiving OPV O vaccination at the time of birth No. of Childre n Value in % Districts Bhilwada Muzaffarnagar Post Pre Post Pre

39 Conclusion Rural Connectivity is one of the key investments laid out in the Transport Chapter of Government of India s Five Yearly Plans Outcome studies indicate that all weather connectivity contributes to Significant reduction in Cost of transportation of goods. Rural areas are getting connected by transport services. The development of economic activities by enhancing mobility and thus providing more opportunity for growth within the rural economy Better Physical access to basic services leading to improved quality of life of the poor.

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