Daniel Andersen, PhD, EIT Ag. and Biosystems Engineering Dept. Iowa State University themanurescoop.bolgospot.

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1 Environmental Considera0ons for Livestock Facili0es Daniel Andersen, PhD, EIT Ag. and Biosystems Engineering Dept. Iowa State University

2 Manure what are the issues? Society concerns about manure waste versus resource Manures role in nutrient reduceon Impact on water quality Manure as a soil amendment that improves Elth and water holding relaeons 2

3 Map of Animal OperaEons 3

4 Changes in Hog ProducEon 4

5 Larger OperaEon Growing 5

6 How has this changed? Nitorgen (kg) 1,000,000, ,000, ,000, ,000, ,000,000 Crop Capacity Available Manure Nutrients Manure as excreted Year 6

7 Nitrogen

8 Nitrogen

9 Nitrogen

10 What s this mean? Iowa has sufficient capacity to uelize all manure nutrients SpaEal separaeon of crop demand and manure availability is becoming more pronounced Iowa counees can sell uelize all manure nutrients 10

11 Switching Gears What s Manure Worth Typical Swine Manure pounds N, P2O5, K2O per 1000 gallons Ammonia - $ per ton ($0.44/lb N) Potash - $ per ton ($0.40/lb K2O) MAP - $ per ton ($0.49/lb P2O5) About $49 worth of nutrient value per 1000 gallons 11

12 Switching Gears What s Manure Worth What about other manures? Dairy Farrowing Feedlot runoff 12

13 Lot s of PotenEal Value But are we capturing that value? Gedng it to the right field, at the right amount, at the right Eme, and in the right way? Minimizing losses of N before and as we apply? 13

14 How far can we haul? Break-Even Hauling Distance (miles) Swine Slurry Dairy Slurry Beef Solids Layer Manure Turkey LiCer All Nutrients 12 (5-20) 8 (2-13) 14 (9-20) 25 (16-34) 16 (13-19) N Only 1 (0-4) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0-3) 2 (1-2) P & K Only 5 (0-10) 6 (2-11) 11 (8-13) 21 (13-28) 11 (9-13) 14

15 What are we seeing Fewer lagoons, more pits Higher N content More DDGS in diet Lower water wastage Lower P content More DDGS in diet More phytase in diet Lower ApplicaEon Rates 15

16 Watering System Impact Waste Volume Gate-mounted Nipple Drinker (GMND) Swinging Nipple Drinker (~ 15% reduceon vs. GMND) Stainless-steel Bowl (~ 20% reduceon vs. GMND) Wet-Dry Feeders (~ 30% reduceon vs. GMND)

17 Swinging Nipple Drinker

18 Stainless-steel Bowl Drinker

19 Wet-Dry Feeder

20 Watering System Impact Waste Volume Whole site water usage (gal/pig space-day) Animal Drinking Consump0on (gal/pig space-day) Other water (gal/pigs paceday) Building Type Finisher, dry feed/ nipple 2.33 (0.32) Finisher, dry feed/ cup 1.15 (0.17) Finisher, wet/dry 1.25 (0.33) Nipples to cups saves about 0.87 gallons a pig $4.00 a pigspace worth of manure applicaeon cost

21 What about bigger pigs? Waterer type more important Diet more important Are we gedng them fished quicker?

22 Increase in Phytase Use 22

23 Is P Level Gedng too low? Corn-Soybean RotaEon Want about 150 lbs N to 100 lbs P2O5 (3:2) Corn-Corn RotaEon Want about 200 lbs N to 50 lbs P2O5 (4:1) Average Swine Manure Have about 50 lbs N to 35 lbs P2O5 (3:2) Low P Swine Manure Have about 50 lbs N to 15 lbs P2O5 (3:1) 23

24 Beyond the P Index 24

25 Changes in Manure Storages 25

26 Es0mated Nitrogen Reten0on Nitrogen RetenEon in Different Manure-Handling Systems

27 Healthy Soils Tilth Water holding capacity Hydraulic conducevity Erosion resistance

28 Soil Heath Soil Health Means Carbon Feed soil microbes Holds nutrients Stabilizes soil aggregates

29 Example The inter-parecle space (voids) is filled with either water or air. The amount of voids depends upon the soil texture and the soil condieon (ie. Elled, compacted, etc.).

30 12% of Organic Carbon in Manure becomes soil organic maner Manure to build SOM This is true for all manure types.

31 What s new in manure application equipment?

32 Uniformity of Applicators 32

33 Manure Injection 33

34 Manure Agitation 34

35 Manure Sampling Value of information is the amount of money a decision maker would be willing to pay for the information prior to making a decision. 35

36 Corn Response to Nitrogen Yield (% of Max) Corn after Soybean Corn after Corn Nitrogen Application Rate (kg N/ha) 36

37 Example Year Nitrogen Content (kg N/1000 L) Average 7.9±

38 Results Manure Type Rotation Pre-application During application N limited P limited N limited P limited $ ha -1 Swine Slurry Layer Manure Dairy Slurry Beef Feedlot Scrapings (Earthen Lot) Corn-Soybean $19.94 $22.09 $3.38 $22.07 Corn-Corn $30.66 $10.62 $8.37 $10.62 Corn-Soybean $32.66 $14.37 $9.92 $14.37 Corn-Corn $50.04 $6.78 $20.45 $6.78 Corn-Soybean $29.72 $9.82 $27.44 $9.82 Corn-Corn $67.83 $4.93 $50.46 $4.93 Corn-Soybean $31.54 $7.13 $13.94 $7.13 Corn-Corn $50.20 $3.72 $27.48 $

39 Pre versus During Sampling

40 Comparison: Business as Usual 40

41 Versus Adding Nutrient Separa0on 41

42 Manure Applica0on Costs ApplicaEon costs a funceon of: Manure applicaeon rate Manure transport distance Application Cost ($/L) Injection Broadcast y = x R² = y = 0.011x R² = Application Rate (L/ha) Distance Surcharge of $0.01 per kg manure per km transported 42

43 Developed Spreadsheet Tool for Calcula0ons Tool lets user input: Animal type (currently swine or dairy) Number of Animals SeparaEon efficiency Nutrient applicaeon rates Model outputs: Amount of land needed EsEmated manure applicaeon costs with and without separaeon Tells user price saved in $/L *Cost to treat has to be less than money saved to be economically feasible 43

44 Example of Output Swine finishing operation 4000 head with deep pit storage Nitrogen limited application Land Application Cost ($/L) In 1% In 5% In 10% In 20% % of Manure Nutrients in Specified Volume 44

45 So would any exis0ng technologies work? Evaluate two types of separators screw press & decaneng centrifuge Separator capitol and operaeng costs from Moller et al. (2000) Separator performance from Hjorth et al. (2010) Manure Treatment Cost ($/L) Screw Press Decanter Centrifuge 0 25,000,000 50,000,000 75,000, ,000,000 Volume of Manure Treated Annually (L) Performance: Screw Press Volume11% Nitrogen 15% Phosphorus 17% Decanting Centrifuge Volume14% Nitrogen 16% Phosphorus 71% 45

46 So would any exis0ng technologies work? No cases invesegated were effeceve (up to 25,000 head of swine and 5,000 head dairy canle) when manure applicaeon was nitrogen limited DecanEng centrifuge cost effeceve for swine farms larger than 12,000 head and dairies larger than 1,000 head applying at a phosphorus limited rate Results are very much dependent on actual manure transport distances and separator efficiency 46

47 Manure & Farm Odors LocaEon, locaeon, locaeon What level of odor is acceptable Neighbors background and view of agriculture Are we telling our farm story 47

48 ISU Air Management Prac0ces Tool 48

49 ISU Air Management Prac0ces Tool 49

50 Manure & Farm Odors 50

51 Ques0ons and Discussion Daniel Andersen, PhD, EIT Ag. and Biosystems Engineering Dept. Iowa State University