Livestock and Slaughter Waste Issues Sandra Cointreau Solid Waste Advisor The World Bank February 2006

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1 Livestock and Slaughter Waste Issues Sandra Cointreau Solid Waste Advisor The World Bank February 2006 (all photos of US animals and birds) 1

2 LDC Livestock Production DC importer food safety rules are driving LDC livestock production to larger companies that can meet the growing regulatory complexities such as farm-to-fork tracking/controlling feed, production, transport, and processing activities. Supermarkets in LDC urban areas are driving local livestock production and processing to improved food quality standards. LDC urban market demand coupled with lack of refrigerated transport has led livestock production and processing to locate near cities. Sources: IFPRI, FAO and USDA reports, plus David Gue s Guidelines 2

3 LDC Slaughter/ Processing LDC modern intensive livestock production must link to modern efficient slaughtering and rendering facilities to meet local supermarket and DC export contracts. Unless contracting to the large producer/processors, small holders have access only to public slaughterhouses, most of which are old and unsanitary, with minimal veterinary controls over the licensed slaughters that use the facility, and no byproducts rendering. Fees paid by slaughterers to support the public slaughterhouses are kept very low, in order to discourage illegal slaughtering outside of the facilities. Source: David Gue, Guidelines for Livestock Marketing and Processing 3

4 Livestock/ Slaughter Waste Issues In EU, animal feeds are banned from including recycled animal wastes, Not all DC countries have this ban allowing calves to be fed blood, and chickens to be fed cattle wastes, and then allowing chicken litter to be fed to cows. In some DC s, downers, if not diagnosed as BSE, are allowed to be recycled into animal feed. In LDC s, the recycling into feed depends on the trade partner s requirements for the intensive livestock producers. 4

5 Livestock/ Slaughter Waste Issues In LDC s, most animal wastes from public slaughterhouses is commonly sold to informal sector recyclers who make animal feed, among other products, with minimum controls. Washwater and unrecycled blood is discharged to sewers, usually with little or no wastewater treatment. Non-recyclable solid wastes, carcasses from diseased rejected livestock, and manure from holding pens are typically discharged to open dumps where domestic animals, dogs, rodents,and some wildlife species scavenge for food. 5

6 Recent Outbreaks from Zoonotic Diseases Outbreaks of human disease from zoonotic origin: transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (protein prions), highly pathogenic avian influenza (virus) severely acute respiratory syndrome SARS (coronavirus), Hepatitis E (virus) and salmonella (bacteria). Outbreaks of livestock disease: foot-and-mouth disease (virus), swine fever (virus), and Newcastle disease (virus). Sources: USDA and OIE outbreak reports 6

7 Disease Outbreaks have Huge Economic Impacts SARS led to regional loss of 2% of regional GDP in East Asia in second quarter of Vietnam and Thailand lost 15-20% of poultry stock from avian influenza (H5N1) mortalities and culling. Europe destroyed over 5 million cattle to stop spread of BSE (mad cow) and suffered major export losses. UK s 2001 outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease cost $1.7 billion to compensate farmers for culling 4.5 million hooved animals. Argentina s 2000 outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease disrupted beef exports for 3 years. Sources: World Bank, EU and USDA data 7

8 Slaughter Waste Recycling into Animal Feed Linked to BSE BSE (mad cow): prion proteins in slaughter waste processed into animal feed spread the disease. these prion proteins are not destructible by composting or normal rendering temperatures. incubation is 5+ years, enabling large scale infection before disease symptoms manifest. BSE related TSE s in sheep, domestic cats, large cats, bison, and mink. LDC issue of informal sector recycling of slaughter wastes and animals foraging in open dumps. Sources: John W. Willesmith, Manual on BSE, and EU data 8

9 Wild Bird Links in Avian Influenza Highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1): secretions and excreta from wild birds, mostly migratory water fowl, have spread the virus. The H5N1 virus can remain infective for weeks in cool water and days in soil. ingestion of infected, even asymptomatic, birds can cause infection and even death in humans and some animals. LDC issue of feeding slaughter waste to animals and open dumping of livestock and slaughter wastes where wild birds and animals may forage. 9

10 Wildlife Access to Infectious Waste Must be Minimized Newcastle Disease: tropical birds, and to a lesser extent migratory water fowl, have spread of the virus through excretions. Tuberculosis: wildlife, such as badger, have spread the bacteria though contact. Salmonella: seagulls have spread the bacteria through excretions. Foot-and-mouth Disease: wildlife, such as deer and hedgehogs, have spread the virus through contact. Source: V.R. Simpson, UK, Wildlife Veterinary Investigation Centre 10

11 What is the Bank Doing? There is minimal lending to build or upgrade municipal live markets and slaughter houses, due to sustainability issues. A few recent loans provide composting of livestock and slaughter waste. There is possibly no work being done to change the recycling practices of existing municipal slaughterhouses. Untreated sewer discharges and open dumps continue to prevail, despite Bank efforts to implement wastewater treatment and sanitary landfills. 11

12 Global Externalities Need Global Instruments Poor conditions at LDC municipal markets, slaughterhouses, and disposal sites are key links in the zoonotic disease chains. Municipalities need intergovernmental investment and recurrent budget support to close these links. Environmental improvements in livestock and slaughter waste management would address global climate change goals, and continued carbon finance is needed to sustain waste systems. Subsidizing manure treatment and transport to rural lands would improve rural soil conditions and reduce nutrient loadings in peri-urban areas of intensive livestock production. 12

13 Global Externalities Need Global Instruments Sensitizing consumers in LDC s could lead to improved health, animal welfare, and environmental conditions at farms and slaughter facilities supplying local markets. Energy recovery from livestock bedding, manure, and slaughter wastes would support long-term sustainable global energy, and financial incentives would stimulate investment. Higher energy prices, reflecting true costs, would encourage local production for local demands, and thus benefit small-scale producers. 13

14 Concerns for Small-Scale Producers About 675 million rural poor are sustained by livestock income or ownership. Large-scale intensive livestock production is growing at 6 times annual growth in grazing production. Rural poor more dependent on livestock income than better-off rural (e.g., in Vietnam, poorest quarter of backyard producers relies 3-fold more on poultry income than the highest quarter, so loses due to disease hit the poor hardest.) Poor environmental and food safety regulatory enforcement in LDC s inadvertently favors the large companies. Sources: IFPRI, FAO and World Bank Reports 14

15 Global Externalities Need Global Instruments Participation in growing livestock markets is an important opportunity for the LDC rural poor and is essential to global poverty alleviation goals. Donor support to intensive producers needs to be balanced to support smallholder farmers to obtain access to credit, risk insurance, land, technical assistance, and markets. 15

16 Multi-Sector Problems Need Multi-Sector Solutions Emergency response to zoonotic disease incidents needs public health, medical and livestock veterinary experts to work together from the onset. Urban finance and waste specialists need to work with livestock and veterinary experts to sustainably upgrade municipal live markets and slaughterhouses. Environmental protection needs veterinary and medical experts to work with waste treatment/disposal specialists to develop best practice. 16

17 Contact: For waste management information: 17