Integrated Crop Management Strategy

Transcription

1 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized E873 Volume 3 Uttaranchal Decentralized Watershed Development Project Integrated Crop Management Strategy Watershed Management Directorate Uttaranchal, Dehradun 21 Feb, 2004

2 Abbreviations FSI FFS FYM ICM IPNM IMM IWM IPDM IPM STCR Farming System Intensification Farmer's Field School Farm Yard Manure Integrated Crop Management Integrated Plant Nutrient Management Integrated Moisture Management Integrated Weed Management Integrated Pest and Disease Management Integrated Pest Management Soil Test Crop Response

3 Through Organic Farming System of Integrated crop management Approach Integrated crop management Integrated crop management is a holistic approach for overall management of cropping systems from seed to seed for obtaining potential yield under FIS. Integrated crop management comprises four important components. They are: Integrated crop management * Integrated plant nutrient management (IPNM) * Integrated moisture management (IMM) * Integrated weed management (IWM) * Integrated pest & disease management (IPDM) IPNM is dependent on IWM, IPDM is dependent on IPNM. Like wise all the four components are interdependent and supplementary to each other. IPDM without IPNM, IWM and IMM will not produce potential yield. Hence, all our training's, field trials and demonstrations proposed under Sujala shall combine IPNM, IMM, IPDM and IWM judiciously aiming at Farming System Intensification (FSI). FSI can be referred in future for all references, and IPNM, IWM, IMM and IPDM as subcomponents of FSI Integrated Plant Nutrient Management (IPNM) a) What is IPNM? Integrated nutrient management is a system / an approach; where in the overall nutrient requirement of a crop is assessed / estimated on the basis of soil test crop response (STCR), accordingly the nutrients are supplied. b) Why IPNM is required? In the absence of IPNM it is impossible to assess the exact nutritional requirement of a given crop. If IPNM is not followed there will imbalance in the application of nutrients, as a result there will be either excess or deficit in the availability of nutrients, it also reduces the plant's ability to utilize nutrients from the soil and leads to improper metabolism of nutrients. This may result in the reduction of immunity of the plants, which may attract pests and diseases, resulting in poor yields. c) Where IPNM can be practiced? IPNM is invariably practiced in the degraded shallow, soils resulting in poor crop yields. d) When IPNM to be Practiced? IPNM has to be planned on scientific basis, from the first day of land preparation, sowing to harvesting e) Who can adopt IPNM? It is joint responsibility of extension staff, scientists and the farmers. 2

4 f) How to practice IPNM? By sensitizing area groups, creating awareness to farmers through publicity propaganda, organizing communities and training's. Demonstrations can be conducted on the lines of farmers field school (FFS). Application of nutrients based on STCR results. All decisions are taken by farmers in the fields with the help of extension staff, during the period of demonstration from pre sowing to post harvest (seed-to seed). Farmers can actively be involved in the field and they record all the observations and maintain the records during demonstration period. Integrated Weed Management a) What is IWM? Weeds are integral part of cropping system. Weeds are naturally selected and have the ability to survive under adverse condition. No-single method in the past has proved effective against weeds. IWM is a combination of mechanical, cultural, manual, biological and chemical method of weed control. b) Why IWM is necessary? Potential yields of any crop can be obtained only when the weeds are properly managed. Weeds compete for moisture, nutrients, space and they acts as hosts for many pests and disease. Therefore IWM is imperative. c) Where IWM can be practiced? Unlike IPNM the source of weeds are innumerable, for example weed can spread through FYM, soil, wind, water along with crop seeds and by birds. Therefore to manage the weeds we must select well-decomposed weed seed free compost. Before sowing, after sowing, during crop period and after harvesting, weeds shall be controlled. Only certified seeds / planting materials, seeds shall be used. d) When IWM can be practiced? Right from preparation of land i.e. pre-sowing, sowing, selection of seed and application of FYM, during the crop stage, at the time of harvest, after harvest, after harvest, during the time of threshing, processing and packing. e) Who can adopt IWM? Extension staff, scientists seed certification officers, quarantine officers and farmers. f) How IWM is adopted? Creating awareness among the farmers (users groups)by publicity, propaganda, and organizing communities. IWM shall be practiced through demonstrations on the lines of FFS. Integrated Pest & disease Management a) What is IPDM? IPDM is a management tool for pests and disease management, where in mechanical, cultural, biological, chemical, use of resistant varieties, and quarantine methods are carefully combined to keep pest & diseases at below economic injure levels to obtain optimum crop yields. 3

5 b) What is the advantage of the IPDM? * IPDM is Eco & farrmer friendly. * Environmentally safe. * Cost effective. * If reduces the application of pesticides. * Results are assured. c) Where IPDM is to be carried out? IPDM can be practiced in nurseries and main field, pre sowings to post harvesting storehouses. Example: - Granaries, exports of planting and seed materials. d) When IPDM is necessary? IPDM can be practiced from seed to seed, which includes pre- sowings to post harvesting of the crop. e) By whom IPDM is to be practiced? Farmers, extension workers, scientists, traders, quarantine officers, etc. f) How to plan for IPDM? The first step involved in IPDM planning is to sensitize the facilitators i.e. extension staff and the farners in the watershed areas. This can be done by organizing Farmers Field Schools. g) What is F.F.S.? Farmers' Field School has proved as the best way to demonstrate IPM. It is a nonformal type of educational learning situation wherein the participants will be able to acquire the skills and knowledge of integrated pest management through the integrated adoption of production technology in raising a healthy crop. At the end of the training farmers will - * Become experts in their own field for arriving at right decision for pest management. * Be able to conserve the defenders (natural enemies) in their field. * Observe the crop regularly. * Be able to grow healthy crop. 4

6 Annexure -I Use of Indigenous Organic Materials rich in essential plant nutrients as compost. a) Forest litter Forest litter from pine, deodar and oak are the good source of nutrients. C:N ratios of litter is 30:1,47:1 and 48.5:1 for oak, deodar and pine. Forest litter under oak contain highest amount of Ca, Mg and K, deodar and pine has high N, P&Si contents. b) Pine needle Pine needles contain plenty of sugars, carbohydrates, starches, compost cellulose and hemi-cellulose, lignin, waxes and proteins. Besides, it also contains adequate amounts of N,P,K,Ca, Mg, Si and other nutrients. Pine 10 t can supply 75, 15, 40, 45 and 10 kg of N, P 2 0 5, K 2 0, Ca, Mg to soil. CN ratio is 120:1. Compost can be prepared under pit condition inoculated with lignin decomposer and enriched with rock phosphate, lime/gypsum amendments. c) Cow dung Prepared in compost pit inoculated with N-fixing and P- compost solubilizing micro-organisms (PSM) to improve the quality of compost. It contains 0.5, 0.35 and 0.4% N, P and K. d) Angora rabbit The raw materials carrying dung and urine transform to a quality compost compost in pit system and ready for use with in months, contain 1.2, 0.5 and 0.65% N,P and K. e) Poultry manure Poultry birds excrete uric acid which is if mixed with rice husk can be transformed into a good quality compost either in open heap system covered with polythene sheet or in pit. The compost is ready with in 2.5 to 3 months, contain % N, % P and % K 2 0. f) Chulu oil cake It is an oil cake obtained after extraction of oil from chulu, a local apricot. It is rich in N,P,K and S, contain 2-2.5% N, % P and % K 2 0 and % Sulphur content. It is a good quality manure. It can be directly used as manure. g) Kalabansa Pine needles and Kalabansa plants are chopped and well mixed blended pine in a ratio of 1:0.5 or 1:1 and allow to decompose in pit, needle compost inoculated with decomposing organisms and enriched with suitable amendments. The compost is ready with in 5 to 6 months for use. h) Green manures a) Cowpea, rice bean, soybean, dhaincha, sunhemp (leguminous crops) can be used as green manures. They fix atmospheric N and supply adequate amounts of N in soil to crops. b) Kalabansa, parthenium weed and other leafy vegetation can also be used as green leaf manure. Chopped portion are incorporate to the soil at the time of land preparation one weak prior to sowing of crops. The material decomposes in soil within days and improves humus content. i) Pressmud It is waste material from sugar mills. It consists of lime amended sugarcane trash. It contains carbonaceous materials and plenty of lime. It can be used as amendment to reclaim the acid soil of mid and high hills of Uttaranchal. 5

7 j) Paper mill It is a waste material from paper mills. It can be utilized as sludge amendment for reclamation of acid soils. It contains adequate, amnounts of calcium and magnesium. k) Rock phosphate It is a raw rock material rich in phosphorus. Besides, it also contains calcium in adequate amounts. It is best material for reclamation of acid soil and phosphatic fertilizer for phosphate management to long duration horticultural crops as well as used in enriching the cormiposts. Bio-fertilizers: Bio-fertilizer is a vital component of integrated nutrient supply system in establishing high yield, high quality and high returns agriculture. Bio-fertilizers should have broadspectrum adaptability, nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization and potassium release ability. The yield increase rate by bio-fertilizers is 12-24% crops, 14-40% vegetables, 15-48% fruits. The nitrogen fixing microbes in bio-fertilizers can transform molecular nitrogen in air (78-80%) which accounts to approx tones into ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) and to supply plants for uptake and utilization. This is the mechanism of biological nitrogen fixation. These nitrogen fixing microbes combine and inhabit ate on the surface of plant roots and function as nitrogen fixation through the photosynthesis in leaves. These are of two types 1. Rhizobia species for legumes and pulse crops, 2. Azotobacter and Azospirillum for cereals, grasses, vegetables, oil seed, fruits and flowering plants. Phosphorus solubilizers are also the biofertilizers which transform non- soluble (insoluble) and soil fixed phosphate into soluble phosphorus by utilizing the bio-acids which are produced from microbial fermnentation processes. A number of P solubilizing organisms as bio-fertilizers available are PSB, phosphatica contain Pseudomonas striata, Aspegillus awamoori etc. Nitrogen fixation Phosphorus solubilizers Bio-fertilizer use in crops: Pulse crops Pea Mung and Urd Soybean Frenchbean and Rajmah Cowpea Use Rhizobium g/kg seed, also use phosphorus solubilizer (Bacillus polymyxa or Pseudomonas striata or both mixture)@ 5 kg/ha as a soil application g/kg seed as seed treatment. For PSM use 5 kg PSM per ha as soil application g/kg seed treatment + 5 kg per ha of PSM as soil application is recommended. 30 g/kg seed treatment + 5 kg/ha of PSM as soil application. 25 g/kg seed treatment + 5 kg/ha of PSM. as soil application. 6

8 Horticultural crops Citrus, Apple, Mix Azotobactor/Azospirillum ( 10 kg and 5 kg/ha with Plum, Apricot, FYM/compost mix nicely in compost pit and fill the pit Pear, Peaches, (0.75x0.75x0.75m) with the mixture of compost: soil (1:1). Almond and Walnut Ginger and i) Use Azotobactor and Azospirillum in 1:1 ratio ( 5 kg/ha and 5 Termeric kg/ha PSM as soil application. Colocassia ii)prepare a solution of Azospirillum 2 kg and 2 kg PSM in 15 litter of water and dip the rhizome in the solution for minutes and plant the treated rhizome in the evening. Vegetable crops Cabbage, Use 10 kg/ha Azospirillum and 5 kg/ha PSM as soil application in Cauliflower, furrows or broadcast. Tomato, Brinjal, Prepare solution of 1 to 1.5 kg Azospirillum kg PSM in 5 capsicum and litter of water. Dip the roots of seedlings in solution for 5 minutes chillies and transplaiit. ICM at a Glance Following key points should be considered to maintain the soil health and minimize the pest incidence: * Site-specific suitable crops should be grown. * Timely operation: sowing, irrigation, weeding, plant protection measures, harvesting, etc.. Use of available disease resistant varieties to minimize plant protection measures. * Suitable crop rotation.. Maximum use of available bio-fertilizers, bio-pesticides and bioagents. 7