Combining Ability Analysis for Yield in Quality Protein Maize.

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1 AGRICULTURAL COMMUNICATIONS, 214, 2(2): 18. Combining Ability Analysis for Yield in Quality Protein Maize. RASHMI JAIN AND DINESH NARAYAN BHARADWAJ Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, India. Corresponding Author: (Accepted: 17 Oct. 213) ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to facilitate the selection in quality maize breeding program and estimate the general combining ability (GCA) of the parents and specific combining ability (SCA) of hybrids considered for the development of high yielding varieties in early generations. The study was carried out at the Oilseed Research Farm, Kalyanpur of Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, India, at an altitude of 127 meters above mean sea level at 26.4 latitudes and 8 longitudes. Twelve quality maize lines and three testers were crossed in a line x tester mating design in monsoon/kharif, 21. Fifteen genotypes and thirty six F1 hybrids were ed in the randomized complete block design with three replications at the same experimental area during monsoon of 211. General combining ability and specific combining ability variances were highly significant for most of the characters suggesting the importance of both additive as well as nonadditive type of gene action in the inheritance of characters. The magnitude of nonadditive genetic variance was higher than additive variance for days to5% tasseling, days to 5% silking, number of leaves per, days to maturity, number of grain rows per cob, number of grains per row, grain per cob, grain yield per, percentage, tryptophan percentage and lysine percentage. The parents 1811, 15433, 15411, 1241, 13941, and 2331 were the best general combiners for most of the characters. Among the testers (male parents), HKI163 and R933 were the best combiners for most of the characters. For grain yield per X R933, X HKI163 and 1241 X HKI1931 recorded the highest SCA effect. Keywords: Corn, genetic variance, grain yield, grain, line x tester, yield. Abbreviations: CD: critical difference, COV: covariance, FS: full sibs, GCA: general combining ability, HS: half sibs, QPM: quality maize, SCA: specific combining ability. INTRODUCTION Maize is the third important cereal of the world after wheat and rice. Maize is utilized in many diverse ways ranging from human food to livestock feed specially poultry industry which consume most of the maize production. As reported by Black et al. (23) that ten million infants are starving each year. The inclusion of quality maize (QPM) in daily diets can improve health and save lives. Vasal (2) at International Wheat and Maize Center (CIMMYT) first time developed quality maize. At global level, maize accounts for 15% of s and 2% of calories in food diet. However, unfortunately, the nutritional profile of maize is poor as it is deficient in essential amino acids such as lysine, tryptophan and methionine due to a relatively higher proportion of prolamins in maize storage s, which are essentially devoid of lysine and tryptophan (Scott et al., 24). The reason concerning this is that lysine; tryptophan and threonine are the limiting amino acids in human beings. Quality Protein Maize has a great potential to include in human nutrition specially the malnourished children and it is also good source of requirement (FAO 1992). Quality maize contains high quality amino acids like lysine and tryptophan, which are two times higher in QPM than normal maize. With its high nutritional quality QPM can offer an easy and inexpensive source of high quality to the millions of poor people. Development and adoption of QPM would increase the nutritional quality of food and feed as well. Information on combining ability among maize germplasm is essential in maximizing the effectiveness of hybrid development. The efficient breeding program to develop QPM hybrids require information on the genetic system controlling the

2 AGRICULTURAL COMMUNICATIONS. character and the expected gain can be maximized with the selection process (Barelli et al., 1999 and Viana et al., 1999). The information on the genetic variances, levels of dominance and the importance of genetic effects have contributed to a better understanding of the gene action involved in the expression of heterosis (Wolf and Hallauer, 1997). Development of commercial maize hybrid usually requires a good knowledge of combining ability of the breeding materials to be used. Selection of parents based on combining ability has been used as an important breeding approach in crop improvement (Bjarnason and Vasal, 1992; Tulu et al. 212). The present investigation aims on identification of superior parents their cross combinations and evaluation of type of gene action for grain yield and as well as grain yield contributing characters in quality maize. MATERIAL AND METHODS Genetic Material: The genetic material for the present investigation comprised of twelve diverse parental lines 11791, 11881, 1241, 13941, 15411, 15433, 15461, 15821, 1641, 1811, 2331, 2981, and 3 testers as male i.e.hki163, HKI193 1, R933 along with their thirty six F1 s. All s were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications during monsoon of 211 at Oilseed Research Station, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, India. Each treatment were sown in single row of 3m long along with rowtorow and to spacing of 6 cm and 25cm, respectively. All the recommended agronomic practices were adopted for raising a good crop. Measurements: The observations were recorded on days to 5% tasseling, days to silking, number of leaves per, flag leaf area (cm 2 ), days to maturity, height, number of cobs per, cob length, number of grain rows per cob, number of grains per row, cob, grain per cob, 1seed, seed yield, shelling %, % in grain (microkjeldahl method given by Bailey, 1967), tryptophan % in (Papain hydrolysis method by Hernandez and Bates, 1969) and lysine % in (by Hernandez and Bates, 1969). Biometrical Analysis: The mean of each character for each hybrid was subjected to line x tester analysis and the variance of general combining ability of different cross combinations were estimated as per the procedure developed by Kempthorne (1957). Combining ability analysis was carried out according to the procedure given by Kempthorne (1957) as provide in Table 1. Table 1. Skeleton of ANOVA for Combining Ability. Source of Variance df Mean sum of squares Expected mean sum of square Replication (r1) Hybrids (fm1) Females (f1) M1 σ 2 + r [COV(FS) 2 COV (HS)] + [mr COV (HS)] Males (m1) M2 σ 2 + r [COV(FS) 2 COV (HS)] + [fr cov (HS)] Female x Male (f1)(m1) M3 σ 2 + r [COV(FS) 2 COV (HS)] Error (r1)(fm1) M4 σ 2 Where: r = replications; f = females (lines); m = males (testers); COV (FS) = Covariance of full sibs; COV (HS) = Covariance of half sibs; M1 = Mean sum of squares due to females (lines); M2 = Mean sum of squares due to males (testers); M3 = Mean sum of squares due to female x male; and M4 = Mean sum of square due to error. Estimation of Variance Components: From the expectation of mean squares, the covariance between half sibs COV (H.S) and Covariance between fullsibs COV (F.S) were estimated as below: COV (H.S) = (M1 + M22M3)/ r (f+m) COV (F.S) = (1/3r) [M1+M2+M33M4) + 2r COV (H.S) r (f+m) COV (H.S)] The estimates of COV (H.S) and COV (F.S) were used to estimate the variance due to general combining ability (GCA) and variance due to specific combing ability (SCA) as below. σ 2 GCA = COV (H.S) σ 2 SCA = COV (F.S) 2 COV (H.S) The estimates of variance component due to females, males and hybrids were obtained as shown below. σ 2 f = COV (H.S) line = (M1M3)/rm σ 2 m = COV (H.S) tester = (M2M3)/rf Covariance (H.S) average = (M1+M22M3)/[r(f+m)] σ 2 mf =σ 2 SCA = (M3M4)/r Estimation of Combining Ability Effects: The model I and method II were used to estimate GCA and SCA effect for ijk observations as follows: Xijk = µ + gi + gj + gij + eijk Where, µ = population mean gi = GCA effects of the i th female parent gj = GCA effects of the j th male parent sij = SCA effects of the ij th cross combination i = number of female parents involved 2

3 JAIN AND BHARADWAJ Lysine % in Tryptophan % in Protein % in grain Shelling % Seed yield seed Grain per cob Table 2. Analysis of variance for combining ability. Cob grains per row grain rows per cob Cob length cobs per Plant height maturity and denote significance at 5% and 1% levels of probability, respectively. Flag leaf area (cm 2 ) leaves per % silking % tasseling d.f. 2 Replicates 35 Crosses 11 2 Line effect Tester Effect Line x Tester Eff Error Total 3

4 AGRICULTURAL COMMUNICATIONS. Lysine % in Tryptop han % in Protein % in grain Shelling % Seed yield seed Grain per cob Table 3. Estimation of general combining ability effects. Cob Number of grains per row Number of grain rows per cob Cob length Number of cobs per Plant height maturity and denote significance at 5% and 1% levels of probability, respectively. Flag leaf area (cm 2 ) Number of leaves per % silking % tasseling Genotypes Name HKI163 HKI1931 R933 CD 95% GCA(Line) CD 95% GCA(Tester) sl² Line HS sl² Tester HS sl² GCA (Average) HS sl² L x T (SCA) sl² e 4

5 JAIN AND BHARADWAJ Lysine % in Tryptopha n % in Protein % in grain Shelling % Seed yield seed Table 4. Estimation of specific combining ability effects. Grain per cob Cob grains per row grain rows per cob Cob length cobs per Plant height maturity and denote significance at 5% and 1% levels of probability, respectively. Flag leaf area (cm 2 ) leaves per % silking % tasseling Genotypes Name x HKI x HKI x R x HKI x HKI x R x HKI x HKI x R x HKI x HKI x R x HKI x HKI x R x HKI x HKI x R x HKI163 5

6 AGRICULTURAL COMMUNICATIONS. Lysine % in Tryptophan % in Protein % in grain Shelling % Seed yield seed Table 4 (Continue). Estimation of specific combining ability effects. Grain per cob Cob grains per row grain rows per cob Cob length cobs per Plant height maturity and denote significance at 5% and 1% levels of probability, respectively. Flag leaf area (cm 2 ) leaves per % silking % tasseling Genotypes Name x HKI x R x HKI x HKI x R x HKI x HKI x R x HKI x HKI x R x HKI x HKI x R x HKI x HKI x R933 CD 95% SCA 6

7 JAIN AND BHARADWAJ General Combining Ability Effects: a) Lines (gi) = (Xi../mr)(X /mfr) Where, xi = total i th female parent over all male (m) parents and replications (r). x = total of all the hybrids over all male parents (m), female parents (f) and replications (r). b) Testers (gj) = (Xj../mr)(X /mfr) Where, Xj = total of the j th male parent over all female parents (f) and replication (r) Specific Combining Ability Effects: Xij =(Xij /r)(xi/mr)(xj/fr)(x /mfr) Where, Xij = ji th combination total over all replications (r). Standard Error: Standard error (SE) pertaining to gca effects of males and females and sca effects of different crosses were calculated as under. a) SE for GCA effects of lines SE gi = (M4/rm) ½ b) SE for GCA effects of testers SE gj = (M4/rf) ½ c) SE for SCA effects SE gij = (M4/r) ½ Estimates of GCA and SCA effects were tested for their statistical significance by means of t test. Tgi = gi/se (gi) Tgj = gi/se (gi) Tsij = sij/se (sij) Critical Difference: The critical difference (CD) values in each case were computed by multiplying their corresponding SE values with Table t value at error degrees of freedom at 5 and 1 percent level of significance. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The performances of lines, testers and checks for their different characters are given in Table 1. Analysis of variance for combining ability showed significant mean squares due to lines, testers, crosses and line x tester for most of the traits indicating substantial variability in parental lines for these traits (Table 2). The variances due to general and specific combining ability were highly significant for most of the characters suggested importance of both additive and no additive type of gene action in the inheritance of characters. Similar results evincing importance of both additive and nonadditive variances in maize has been reported by Kumar et al. (26) and Lata et al. (26). A comparison of relative magnitude of general and specific combining ability variances indicated that non additive genetic effects were predominant in the control of all the characters except height, cob length, cob and 1seed. As observed in the present study the predominant role of nonadditive gene action in the inheritance of grain yield in maize was reported by ElHosary et al. (1994), Joshi et al. (1998), Murthy (1997) and Shanthi et al. (22). Estimates of GCA effects indicated that parental lines 1811, 15433, 15411, 1241, 13941, 2331 were good general combiners for most of the characters (Table 3). Thus the parental 1811, 15433, 15411, 1241, 13941, 2331 holds promise for genetic improvement of maize crop. The parental line was the best general combiner for grain yield per, cob length and number of cobs per. On the basis of SCA effects the three best crosses selected for each of the character are presented in Table 4. A perusal of data revealed that none of the crosses had high SCA effect for all the characters, the SCA for most of the characters were accompanied by top ranking per SE performance also indicated predominant role of nonadditive gene effects in expression of grain yield and its contributing characters. For grain yield per, it was observed that the crosses X R933, X HKI163 and 1241 X HKI1931 recorded the highest SCA effects were also the top ranker in perse performance. The results are in agreement with Singh and Gupta (29), Prakash and Ganguli (24) and Dodiya and Joshi (23), whom reported high positive SCA effects along with per SE performance for grain yield. Crosses with good SCA and per se performance can be selected to recover transgressive segregates. This indicated wide diversity between the parents to produce good hybrids. A progeny selection with pedigree method in such crosses may give transgressive segregants leading to development of good inbreeds. Such nicking could be the complementary expression of hybrid vigor resulting from combining together of favorable dominant genes or epistatic action of genes as stated by Stuber and Moll, Genotypes with significant GCA effect in desired direction are expected to transmit genes with desirable effects to their progeny. Bailey, J.L Miscellaneous analytical methods. In Bailey J.L. (ed.). Techniques in Protein Chemistry. REFERENCES Elsevier Science Publishing, New York, USA. pp

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