CRUCIFERS. (BROCCOLI, CAULIFLOWER, CABBAGE, CHINESE CABBAGE,) 1. Varieties Premium Crop, Green Comet, Southern Star.

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1 (BROCCOLI, CAULIFLOWER, CABBAGE, CHINESE CABBAGE,) 1. Varieties Broccoli: Premium Crop, Green Comet, Southern Star. Cauliflower: Snow Queen, White Baron. Cabbage: SMALL HEADS (Under 3 lbs) MEDIUM LARGE HEADS (Over 3 lbs) Copenhagen Market Early Jersey Wakefield Golden Acre Rustica Applause Blue Thunder Bravo Constanza KK Cross (Summer Stride) Market Prize Resist Crown Tropicana Wakamine YR Summer 50 Chinese Cabbage: Seed rate: Seedlings per acre: Pak Choy White, Wong Bok, Saladeer Approximately 4 ozs of seed will provide enough transplants for 1 acre at standard spacing (2 rows per bed at 1' apart.) 2. Seed Treatment Hot water treatment is most important to help prevent black rot and bacterial leaf spot. Hot water treated seed should be properly air-dried and dusted with thiram or captan seed protectant. 3. Spacing and Planting Plant 2 to 3 rows per bed 16" to 24" apart, and space transplants 12" to 16" in the row depending on variety. For medium-large headed types (Cabbage) use 2 rows per bed. 4. Seasonality Can be grown all year round. NB: Broccoli grows best during the cooler months of the year. 5. Duration Of Crop Broccoli: Cauliflower: Cabbage: Chinese Cabbage: 50 to 60 days from transplanting to first harvest. Approximately 58 days from transplanting to first harvest days to first harvest depending on variety days from transplanting to first harvest.

2 NB: Seedlings of crucifers normally remain in the nursery for days. 6. Weed Control OR 7. Pest Control SUCKING: Aphids Whiteflies a) Pre-plant herbicides: If young annual weeds are present in the field apply 2 pints (950 ml)/acre of paraquat (Gramoxone Super, Millquat, Herbiquat). For hard to kill annual weeds e.g. whitehead bush (Parthenium sp.), wild poinsettia (Euphorbia sp), apply a mixture of paraquat and diquat (Reglone) at rates of 2 pints (950 ml) per acre for both. For hard to kill annual and perennial weeds apply either glyphosate (Roundup, Wopro-glyf) or sulfosate (Touchdown) at recommended label rates. b) Pre-emergence herbicides: Apply pendimethalin (Prowl 42.3EC) at 3 1/3 pints (1575ml) per acre before or immediately after transplanting. DCPA (Dacthal 75WP) at 10 lb/acre to weed-free soil immediately after transplanting. c) Post-emergence herbicides: I. For young annual weeds use a shielded sprayer to apply paraquat or a paraquat+diquat combination at the specified rates mentioned under pre-plant herbicides. II. For emerged annual and perennial grass weeds apply either fluazifop-butyl (Fusilade), or sethoxydim (Poast), or propaquizafop (Agil) at recommended label rates. READ THE PESTICIDE LABEL PEST* PESTICIDE* DTH* COMMENTS* Diazinon OR 7 Dimethoate OR 14 Perfekthion. Azadirachtin 0 Neem-X. Imidacloprid OR Thiamethoxam OR 3 21 Admire. Apply as a soil drench, either by a drip irrigation system, or a directed spray at planting prior to irrigation or rainfall. Actara. Apply to foliage or to soil according to label instructions. Applaud - an IGR. Apply evenly to 14 Buprofezin + crop, in conjunction with a contact pesticide. Diafenthiuron OR 7 Pegasus. Thiocyclam OR 7 Evisect.

3 PEST* PESTICIDE* DTH* COMMENTS* Cypermethrin + Profenofos 14 Tambo BITING/CHEWING: Chlorfluazuron OR 21 Jupiter. Bacillus thuringiensis OR 0 Dipel Diamond-back Moth (larvae); Cabbage White Butterfly (larvae); Cabbage Loopers; Budworms; and Stemborers NOTES ON PEST CONTROL Azadirachtin OR 0 Cypermethrin OR 3 Sherpa. Deltamethrin OR 3 Decis. Permethrin OR 3 Ambush. Diafenthiuron OR 7 Pegasus. Fipronil 10 Regent. Neem-X. An IGR, anti-feedant and insect repellant. * For application rates of pesticides - check directions for use on the pesticide label. Also consult pesticide suppliers and/or the Extension Section of the Ministry of Agriculture. * DTH = the minimum number of Days to Harvest from the last pesticide application. Where no information is given please consult the pesticide supplier. Always use pesticides with short DTH approaching or during harvest. * The synthetic pyrethroids available are permethrin (Ambush), cypermethrin (Sherpa), deltamethrin (Decis), and lambdacyhalothrin (Karate). * IGR = Insect Growth Regulator. These products mainly control larvae and nymphs, but seldom adults. Examples of IGR's available are buprofezin (Applaud), Chlorfluazuron (Jupiter), flufenoxuron (Cascade), cyromazine (Trigard), Azadirachtin (Neem-X), and lufenuron (Match). * Check plants carefully at least twice weekly for pests. Sucking pests are usually found on the underside of the leaves. * For control of a particular pest, use one of the listed pesticides per application, and rotate with others as needed in the spray programme. * The best times to spray are in the morning between 7.00 a.m. and a.m. and in the late afternoon after 5.00 p.m., when: a) Few insects are on-the-wing and bees are not active, b) The sun is not strong enough to scorch plants, c) Foliage is dry, and d) Wind speeds are low. * The best way to spray is to wet thoroughly the stems, buds and undersides as well as the tops of leaves. * Always use a wetter-spreader-sticker (e.g. Citowett) at recommended rates with the spray solution. It binds the chemical to the plant thus negating the effect of the rain, and wind. * It's advisable to use a complete foliar fertilizer (e.g. Bayfolan, Nutrex, Novafol) in the spray solution to help improve the quality of the water, and provide some of the nutritional needs of the crop.

4 The quality of the water refers to its freedom from extraneous materials such as dirt, etc., and also the ph (acidity or alkalinity) of the water. The ph of the water is adjusted by addition of special adjuvants (e.g. ph Plus, Indicate 5), where necessary. Check with the Extension Staff of the Ministry of Agriculture for more information on these areas. * Combination of pesticides to be tank-mixed for the first time should be checked for compatibility before use. Incompatibility negates the efficacy of pesticides in the spray solution, and can result in plant injury - phytotoxicity. Some information on physical compatibility can be obtained by mixing small quantities of the pesticide materials in a separate container in the correct proportions. The combination should be tested on a small scale to determine safety to plants before proceeding to full field-scale usage. Further information on compatibility can be obtained from compatibility charts, consulting with pesticide suppliers, and the Ministry of Agriculture. * Keep spray solutions agitated to prevent settling-out of wettable powders and flowables; and avoid leaving spray solution standing in tanks for extended periods e.g. overnight. 8. Disease Control DISEASE* PESTICIDE* COMMENTS* Black Rot (Xanthomonas campestris) Soft Rot (Erwinia carotovora) Copper fungicides See comments READ THE PESTICIDE LABEL The bacterium is seedborne, and persists in the soil for 1 to 3 years. Always use hot water and chemically treated seed. Cultural methods such as crop rotation, deep ploughing and destruction of crop residues are also recommended. Copper fungicides (Kocide, Phyton 27, Champ, Champion) may reduce spread. Also use resistant varieties when available. A bacterial disease, which usually follows Black Rot and insect attack. Measures to control insects and Black Rot will assist in the control of this disease. LEAF SPOTS: Dark Leaf Spot (Alternaria brassicae) Pale Leaf Spot (Pseudocercospora capsellae) White Rust (Cystopus andidus) Blackleg (Phoma lingam) Azoxystrobin OR Mancozeb OR Chlorothalonil Benomyl OR Mancozeb OR Copper Sprays Mancozeb OR Chlorothalonil Fixed coppers These leafspot diseases are generally uneconomic to control. If damage due to Dark Leaf Spot or White Rust is serious use Mancozeb (Manzate 200, Vondozeb), chlorothalonil (Bravo) or azoxystrobin (Amistar) at the recommended label rates. For control of Pale Leaf Spot apply benomyl (Benlate), Mancozeb (Manzate 200, Vondozeb), or copper sprays at the label rates. Use resistant varieties e.g. Bravo, where necessary. Fixed copper fungicides (Kocide, Champ, Champion) give some control over disease spread. Hot water treated seed and good agricultural practices, as outlined for Black Rot, help in the control of the disease.

5 NOTES ON DISEASE CONTROL * DAYS TO HARVEST (DTH) = the minimum number of days to harvest from the last pesticide application. Where no information is given, please consult the pesticide supplier. Benomyl = 14 Copper sprays = 1 Mancozeb = 7 Chlorothalonil = 7 azoxystrobin = 7 *Check plants carefully about twice weekly for diseases. For accurate disease identification and/or diagnosis, consult with the Extension Section of the Ministry of Agriculture. * For application rates of pesticides - check Directions for Use on the pesticide label. Also consult the pesticide supplier and/or the Extension Section of the Ministry of Agriculture. * See NOTES ON PEST CONTROL. 9. Fertlilizer In the absence of an adequate and reliable soil testing service, the following recommendations are given as a guide for the direct application of NPK fertilizers to the soil. (a) Basal dressing: during land preparation, apply in the bed and incorporate rotavation the following fertilizers: - during 3 x 50 kg bags of triple superphosphate, plus 2 x 50 kg bags of fertilizer per acre. Where fertilizer was not incorporated during land preparation apply 4 x 50 kg. bags of 12:12:17+2 or a similar mixed fertilizer per acre at transplanting. (b) Side-dressing: At 4 weeks after transplanting, apply sulphate of ammonia at 2 x 50Kg bags per acre. A supplemental application of 1 x 50kg bag of urea can be applied at six (6) weeks after transplanting (non-heading types of Chinese cabbage excepted) if development of crop is unsatisfactory, or rainfall has been excessive. 10. Harvesting Broccoli - This should be carried out as soon as the individual flower buds of the main head are distinguishable. Broccoli does not store well. The flower buds open and the heads become yellow. The head should therefore be marketed immediately after harvesting. Cauliflower - After curd is visible, protection from the sun and rain is important, so as to prevent discolouration. A leaf may be broken over the curd for protection. Cabbage - Do not allow heads to become over mature, especially since some varieties crack readily if moisture supply has been erratic. It is therefore important to monitor the crop frequently on an individual plant basis. Chinese Cabbage - Harvest during cool of the day eg. early morning or late afternoon, to avoid wilting of the leaves. Remove harvested crop from the field as soon as possible, and store in a cool area to maintain turgidity of the leaves. 11. Yields Broccoli - Yield depends on planting time. Better yields obtained in the cooler months. January sowing has yielded approximately lb/acre.

6 Cauliflower - Yields up to lb/acre are possible. Cabbage - Yields of approximately lb/acre are obtainable. Chinese Cabbage - Yields of approximately lb/acre are obtainable. 12. General Remarks Broccoli - Lateral buds should be removed when they are about 1" long so as to increase the size of the centre cluster of buds which form the main head. After the main head is harvested, the side shoots will develop and these smaller heads can be harvested later.