Disasters and Forced Migration: A Case Study on Riverbank Erosion and Its Potential Impacts on Rural and Urban Bangladesh

Transcription

1 Disasters and Forced Migration: A Case Study on Riverbank Erosion and Its Potential Impacts on Rural and Urban Bangladesh Mohammad Mahbubur Rahman*, Md. Hasan Masrur, Riffat Mahmood, Muhammad Abdur Rahaman & Mizanur Rahman Bijoy Session: Health and Migration 8-11 January 218 Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB), Dhaka. 1

2 Background Riverbank erosion is a widespread natural disaster in rural Bangladesh which results in rapid growth in a forced internal migration of people. These internally displaced people (IDPs) migrate to the urban slum areas after losing their residents for a better work opportunity and essential services. However, such situation arises in permanent migration to urban areas and growth in informal urban settlements and creating more challenges for the urban population. This study focuses on people s migration pattern in Bangladesh particularly in the context of riverbank erosion and explores the impact of riverbank erosion rural and urban Bangladesh. 2

3 Study Area Rural Dimension Char Monpura, Char Fasson, and Char Tajimuddin of Bhola District Urban Dimension Bhola Slum of Dhaka City Bhola District Dhaka City 3

4 Methodology Disasters and Forced Migration: A Case Study on Riverbank Erosion and Its Potential Impacts on Rural and Urban Bangladesh Study Area selection Primary Information Collection Training for the enumerators In-depth review and analysis of the existing documents related to the study Quantitative Household Survey (Structured close-end Questionnaire Survey) Qualitative FGD, KII (Focus group discussion & Key Informant Interview) GIS & Remote sensing analysis Assessing the erosion and accretion rate of river bank Assessing spatial growth of urban informal settlements Final manuscript & Peer-reviewed publication 4

5 Erosion & Accretion rate

6 Char Monpura Erosion Area (Sq. Km) Erosion & Accretion in Area Char Fasson Char Tajimuddin Total Char Monpura Accretion Area (Sq. Km) Char Fasson Char 1 1 Tajimuddin Total

7 Spatial growth of Bhola Slum Area (In Acre) Growth in Area Spatial Growth (Source: M. Mahbubur et al., 217) 7

8 People s Migration Pattern in Bangladesh In-migration rates per 1 population from (Source: BBS, 216) Out- migration rates per 1 population from (Source: BBS, 216) 8

9 Impacts of Riverbank Erosion on Rural Area Riverbank Erosion Loss of Homestead Loss of Agricultural Land Loss of Production Income Erosion Forced Migration Low Expenditure in Food Consumption Marginal Expenditure in Education Poor Expenditure in Health Care Conceptual Framework of the Impact Livelihood Status Becomes more Vulnerable 9

10 Impacts of Riverbank Erosion on Urban Area Riverbank Erosion Forced Displacement Conceptual Framework of the Impact Growth of urban population Growth of urban informal settlements Lack of access to basic services Social Insecurity Encroach ment of water bodies & agriculture land Pollution from solid & liquid wastes Contamination of water sources 1

11 Impacts of Riverbank Erosion on Urban Area (Contd.) Present Socio-economic Condition of the IDPs (In Percentage) INCOME EDUCATION OCCUPATION HEALTH AND SANITATION 11

12 Studied Area Problem Solution Proposed Local Solution Rural (Bhola District) Char Monpura Riverbank Erosion Short term and long term planning Char Fasson Riverbank Erosion Improving rural livelihood Char Tajimuddin Riverbank Erosion Ensuring sustainable rural development Urban (Dhaka City) Bhola Slum Rapid Population Growth Create alternative livelihood options at origin Growth of Urban Informal Settlement Introduction of an improved housing policy framework Introduction of resettlement policy and approach for urban slum areas 12

13 How the solution would address the problem? Short term & long term planning Improving rural livelihood Ensuring sustainable rural development Resettlement policy for slum dwellers Improved housing policy framework Problems Implementation of the proposed Solutions Mitigation of the Problems Riverbank erosion Rapid growth in urban population Growth in urban informal settlements 13

14 How the Implementing Agency Reach Out the Beneficiaries Proposed Solutions Implementing Agencies Beneficiaries Short term & long-term planning Improving rural livelihood Ensuring sustainable rural development Policymakers Government and Non- Government Agencies Relevant Ministries Relevant Stakeholders Rural and Urban People 14

15 Final Words Riverbank erosion is resulting in significant negative impacts both in urban and rural Bangladesh which needs to be addressed properly. This slide is made possible by the support of American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of the presenter and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States government. 15