The subterranean termite of the genus Reticulitermes was

Transcription

1 RESEARCH An Areawide Population Management Project for the Invasive Eastern Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in a Low-Income Community in Santiago, Chile James Smith, Nan-Yao Su, and Raul Escobar N. Abstract: An areawide project was carried out in a low-income community of Cerro Navia in Santiago, Chile, to manage the population of the invasive Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) that has been causing severe damage to homes in the past 20 yr. With the help of the municipality government and residents, baits containing the chitin synthesis inhibitor hexaflumuron were applied in three town blocks of a six-block area in January By April 2002, most of the termite activity in the baited town block was eliminated. A Bait Impact Index demonstrated that more baits applied near a monitoring station significantly reduced R. flavipes activity in the station. Following the successful reduction of termite activity in the three baited blocks, hexaflumuron baits were applied in the entire six-block area in Since May 2005, R. flavipes has not been detected in the test area. The areawide approach significantly reduced the cost of bait application for managing the R. flavipes populations in the community. The project serves as a model of adapting an advanced but often costly technology for use in developing counties that otherwise would not be able to afford it. The subterranean termite of the genus Reticulitermes was first discovered in Chile in 1986 (samples deposited at the Museo de Historia Natural, Quinta Normal, Santiago). It was recently identified as the eastern subterranean termite, R. flavipes (Kollar) by using mitochondrial DNA sequences (Austin et al. 2005, Su et al. 2006). Today, the area infested by this urban pest in Chile exceeds 40,000 km 2. This subterranean termite pest is present in all the communities of the metropolitan region of Santiago (Fig. 1), the majority of the municipalities of the Fifth Region, and in the Sixth Region (Su et al. 2006). The attack by this pest species is present at all socioeconomic levels, but lower income areas of Chile are especially affected. Because of the relatively low rainfall, humidity, and lack of native subterranean termite species, the practice of building wooden structures in direct contact with the soil in these areas is common (Fig. 2A), and the accumulation of cellulose debris around structures is a general practice (Fig. 2B). The central part of Chile receives only mm precipitation annually. Wooden structures in contact with the soil historically did not have major rot problems, and termite infestations were limited to drywood species. The arrival of R. flavipes has changed this reality. The large amounts of cellulose in contact with the soil and favorable climatic conditions have facilitated the increase of subterranean termite populations in the past decade. This pest species has been spread with the movement and reuse of infested wooden, cellulose, and soil materials. The use of railroad ties, infested with subterranean termites, as building and landscape material has increased the distribution of this pest species in Chile, including the most affluent neighborhoods of Santiago. Pest management professionals (PMPs) and government officials have noticed many subterranean termite Fig. 1. Distribution of R. flavipes in 31 municipalities of metropolitan Santiago, Chile. Red circles represent R. flavipes recorded in Cerro Navia is a municipality in the northwestern part of Santiago. American Entomologist Volume 52, Number 4 253

2 B Fig. 2. In Cerro Navia, Santiago, Chile, the practice of building wooden structures in direct contact with the soil is very common (A). Also, the accumulation of cellulose debris around these structures is a general practice (B). populations associated with railroad tracks (Su et al. 2006). Good examples are the large subterranean termite populations in the community of Estación Central in Santiago, railroad tracks in the cities of Santiago, Valparaiso, Viña del Mar, Limache, and Quillota in the Fifth region. One of the most heavily infested areas in Santiago is the municipality of Cerro Navia, a low-income community that we first visited in 1998 (Fig. 1). At that time, we observed severe R. flavipes infestations. The neighborhoods and their residents could not afford pest management services, and the local government was not interested in solving the problem. The average annual income per household in Cerro Navia is estimated at US$3,000 and even a modest pest control practice is not an affordable option. Consequently, the management practices at that time were home remedies including the use of kerosene, gasoline, chlorine bleach, and fire (Fig. 3). Property owners did not recognize the pest or believed that a solution did not exist and that they would just have to live with the problem. Moreover, most of the government-subsidized houses had a dirt floor on which wooden posts and boards were erected, and the conditions would not permit the use of soil termiticides to control this pest. The risk and contamination implied by applying liquid termiticides onto soil, the logistical problems of where to relocate the inhabitants during treatments, the impossibility of making complete and thorough applications without modifying the structures or doing tremendous amounts of drilling and injecting of liquid termiticide, led us to consider the use of a termite baiting system areawide. Baiting technologies have been tested since the 1960s (Esenther and Gray 1968). In the early 1990s, Su (1994) eliminated subter254 A B Fig. 3. Home remedies included the use of kerosene (A), chlorine bleach, and a blow torch to burn termite foraging tubes (B). Note that termites reconstructed foraging tubes next to the burned area. American Entomologist Winter 2006 A ranean termite colonies by using baits containing the chitin synthesis inhibitor hexaflumuron. More than 30 studies in various parts of the world have documented the elimination of >150 baited subterranean termite populations by using hexaflumuron or noviflumuron baits (Su 2003). These data form the basis to support the efficacy claims of the Sentricon Termite Colony Elimination System (Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis). The system has been used commercially since 1995 to eliminate termite colonies in more than 2 million structures. A performance survey revealed a success rate of >95% for commercial applications of Sentricon system in Florida and Louisiana (Su 2003). The system has also been used in multistructure establishments, historical buildings, and National Historical Parks (Su et. Al. 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003; Freytag et. al. 2000; Su and Hsu 2003). Because the baiting system can eliminate individual colonies of subterranean termites, areawide programs have been established in recent years to manage populations of invasive species such as the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, in the United States (Ring et al. 2001, Lax and Osbrink 2003, Su et al. 2004, Guillot et al. 2005). In New Zealand, the invasive Australian subterranean termite, C. acinaciformis (Froggatt) was successfully eradicated from a rural town of ~3.5 ha by using the Sentricon system (Ross 2005). Getty et al. (2005) also used the baiting system to manage the persistent infestation of the Western subterranean termite, R. hesperus Banks, in a large housing community of ~90 acres in southern California. In May 1999, James Smith began talking with the Department of Environmental Health in the Municipality of Cerro Navia about a pilot project to manage the populations of invasive R. flavipes in an area of six city blocks of the community. With the full cooperation of the municipality, the property owners were informed of the

3 24 h at ~60 C and weighed to determine their initial dry weight. These stations were inspected monthly. In all active stations, pine monitors were removed and replaced with new pine monitors. Infested monitors were taken to the laboratory, dried for 24 h at ~60 C and reweighed. The difference in the dry weight of the pine monitors was used to calculate the wood consumption rate (WCR) in grams of wood per day. These monitoring sites were maintained throughout the entire study period. A B Fig. 4. A monitoring station comprised a PVC tube (50 mm diam and 30 cm long) containing two pieces of pine wood (A). A cluster of Sentricon stations was formed to increase the amount of bait uptake by R. flavipes populations (B). project plan. In 2000, with the support of Controles Integrados S.A., Dow AgroSciences, and the University of Florida, this areawide termite population control project was financed by the Chilean government under a technological development grant. This initiative encompassed a 2.1-ha area of Cerro Navia with 108 home sites. The project was carried out in three phases: a termite survey of the entire six-block area in , population control in three northern blocks in , and population control of the entire six-block area in Termite Survey of the Six-Block Area, In August 1999, with the help of municipality assistants, residents of 108 home sites were asked whether they had subterranean termite problems and were invited to participate in the project. Residents at 57 of 108 surveyed sites agreed to participate in the study. Residents at the other 51 sites indicated that they did not have termite problems or were not interested in participating. Only eight residents did not respond to the annual surveys. Four more sites were added in after termites were found in them, and the homeowners provided us with access. This same survey was conducted every 12 mo. The area was monitored with wooden stakes (Pinus radiata D. Don, cm). The stakes were installed approximately every 10 m around participating home sites and in areas where termite activity was found or considered likely. The stakes were inspected at 30, 60, and 90 d. Infested stakes were replaced by monitoring stations made of 50-mm diam PVC tubing cut to 30-cm lengths and capped at one end with a screw-top cap (Fig. 4A). Horizontal slits (20 mm long and 3 mm wide) were cut in these tubes to allow termite entry. These monitoring stations contained two pieces of radiata pine ( cm). The pieces of pine were oven dried for American Entomologist Volume 52, Number 4 Fig. 5. Termite activity measured as wood consumption rate before hexaflumuron application (A) and after (C) in 37 monitoring stations. The red scale depicts the intensity of termite activity (mg wood consumed per day per station). Solid circles depict active monitoring stations; open circles depict those without activity. Number of Recruit II bait tubes applied in treatment area during the period January 2001 and April 2002 (B). The green scale depicts number of bait tubes installed in underground Sentricon stations. Hexaflumuron baits were applied in 15 station clusters in two-thirds of the northern block (black asterisks). 255 Bait Applications in Three Northern Blocks, In January 2000, Sentricon stations containing wood monitors (MD 499, Dow AgroSciences) were installed adjacent to all active monitoring stations and wherever subterranean termite activity was found. Depending on termite activity, one to nine auxiliary stations were installed around all active Sentricon stations to increase the amount of bait offered in active areas (Fig. 4B). Of the 130 Sentricon stations installed in 57 sites during the calendar year 2000, R. flavipes were found in 81 stations and 37 sites in the six-block area. In January 2001, Recruit II bait tubes (0.5% hexaflumuron) were placed in 53 active Sentricon stations in 15 active sites in the three northern blocks (Fig. 5A). The 15 baited sites were located in the

4 northern two-thirds of the treated three-block area. The remaining one-third area bordering the untreated southern block was left as the buffer zone without hexaflumuron application, to avoid the potential effect of baiting against termite populations in three untreated southern blocks. Baiting took place between January 2001 and April All sites, monitoring stations, and Sentricon stations were visited monthly, and structures and gardens were inspected for termite activity to determine the number of active sites. Subterranean termites found in other wood sources such as stumps, firewood, or wood debris were extracted and placed with ~10 ml water into Recruit II bait tubes. These tubes were placed in Sentricon stations installed adjacent to the termite source. Recruit II bait tubes were replaced with fresh baits when >50% (by visual estimate) of the bait matrix was consumed. In the untreated sites, active Sentricon stations received radiata pine monitors only. Bait Impact Index (BII) (Su et al. 2004) was used to assess the correlation between bait applications and reduction in termite activity in the six-block study area. The assumption used was that if the decline of termite activity observed in a monitoring station was caused by the bait application during the study period, more bait applied in closer proximity would have more impact on monitoring stations. The change of termite activity at each station was the difference in WCR before and after the test period (December 2000 and June 2002). To minimize the seasonal variability in termite activity, the mean WCR for 3 mo of October December 2000 (Fig. 5A) was used as the prebaiting activity and that of April June 2002 (Fig. 5C) was considered the postbaiting activity. The index was calculated for all 37 active monitoring stations in the entire six-block area as BII = (Ni/Di); Ni is the number of bait tubes applied at the ith Sentricon station between December 2000 and June 2002, and Di is the distance between the monitoring station and the ith Sentricon station (Fig. 6). The Spearman coefficient (ρ) was calculated to analyze the correlation between BII and the reduction in termite activity for each station (SAS Institute 1987). The assumption was validated when there was a significant correlation. Following the completion of first baiting in the northern twothirds of the treated three blocks in June 2002, Recruit II bait tubes were applied in the remaining active Sentricon stations in the buffer zone and those near the block borders with reappearing R. flavipes activity. Population Control of the Entire Study Area, In July 2003, Recruit II was applied throughout the entire sixblock study area to eliminate all detectable activity of R. flavipes. Fig. 6. A bait impact index (BII) was calculated for all 37 active monitoring stations (solid circles) in the entire six-block area, as BII= (Ni/Di), Ni is the number of bait tubes applied at the ith Sentricon station (black asterisks) and Di is the distance between the monitoring station and the ith Sentricon station. Fig. 7. Before the final phase of the project to eliminate all termite activity in the entire six-block area, clusters of Sentricon stations were established in 21 active sites (black asterisks) of the previously untreated three southern blocks in March Beginning in July 2003, hexaflumuron baits were applied in all Sentricon stations of the entire six-block area, and by October 2004, most of R. flavipes activity was eliminated. Only a few Sentricon stations near the borders of the baited area showed slight termite activity. 256 American Entomologist Winter 2006

5 In addition to Sentricon stations in the northern three-block area, clusters of Sentricon stations were installed in the 22 active sites of the previously untreated three southern blocks (Fig. 7). Termite activity was monitored monthly by measuring WCR from the 37 monitoring stations of the entire six-block area. The number of active stations (monitoring and Sentricon stations) were also tallied monthly to represent the overall termite activity in the test area. Results and Discussion Bait Applications in Three Northern Blocks, Through late 1999 to 2000, 212 stakes were installed in the 2.1 ha area (~1 every 100 m 2 ). By October 2000, 37 monitoring stations Fig. 9. The significant correlation (P < 0.003) between the BII and the reduction in termite activity (wood consumption rate) indicated that more baits applied nearer to a monitoring station had more impact in reducing termite activity of that particular station. Fig. 8. Wood consumption rates (mean ± SE) for the first three years of the project. Black circles represent R. flavipes activity in three treated northern blocks; white circles represent those in three southern blocks that did not receive hexaflumuron baits initially. Arrows indicate when hexaflumuron baits were first applied in each part of the treatment area (Phase Two and Phase Three). (15 and 22 in the southern and northern three-block area, respectively) were established from stakes with termite activity (Fig. 5A). These stations were used to monitor R. flavipes activity throughout the 5-yr project between 2000 and Wood consumption rates for the first 3 yr of the study are shown in Fig. 8. Seasonal activity peaks are evident in these populations. WCRs increased during the spring and summer months (December May). Initial WCRs between the northern and southern three-block areas were similar. Before bait applications in May 2000, termite activity ( mg/d per station) was the highest (Fig. 8). Fig. 5A shows spatial pattern of WCR intensity for the entire six-block area immediately before the bait application (October December 2000). American Entomologist Volume 52, Number 4 257

6 Following the application of bait in January 2001, termite activity in treated blocks declined rapidly from ~200 mg/d per station to ~20 mg/d per station in June, and the activity steadily declined for the subsequent 12 mo (Fig. 8). By June 2002, of the 22 monitoring stations in the three treated northern blocks, only 6 stations near the buffer zone where baits were not applied remained active (Fig. 5C). Between January 2001 and April 2002 (Fig. 8), 562 Recruit II bait tubes were installed in the northern two-thirds of the treated blocks. Bait application intensity (numbers of Recruit II) for this period is illustrated in Fig. 5B. Termite activities in three untreated southern blocks were mostly unchanged during the same period of January 2001 June 2002 (Figs. 5C and 8). A significant correlation (ρ = 0.474, P < 0.003) between BII and the decline of termite activity indicated that the decline of overall termite activity was caused by the application of hexaflumuron baits (Fig. 9). More bait applied near a monitoring station significantly reduced the R. flavipes activity in the station. Similar results were reported by Su et al. (2004) in an areawide project in south Florida, where the effects of Sentricon baits were tested against C. formosanus populations. During this first phase of population control, we spent ~150 hours of labor to install, inspect, and bait 83 Sentricon stations, from which an estimated 74 g of hexaflumuron were removed by termites during the 15-mo baiting period. Population Control of the Entire Study Area, Termites were found in 56 stations (Sentricon and monitoring stations) in March 2003, and WCR was ~50 mg/d per station (Figs. 7 and 10) before baiting the entire six-block area. Immediately after bait application in July 2003, termite activity declined; and by September, termites were not found in any of the monitoring stations, resulting in 0 WCR thereafter. Although termites were found in 21 Sentricon stations as of September 2003, the number of stations with termite activity steadily declined, and by October 2004, only 4 active Sentricon stations were recorded. This inactivity during the summer months of December May is a sharp contrast of the typical seasonal high activity for R. flavipes in Chile. Between July 2003 and October 2004, 481 Recruit II bait tubes were applied via the 187 Sentricon stations installed in the six-block area. Toward the end of 2004, termite activity was found mostly near the borders of the six-block area (Fig. 7), and typically after several months of absence of termite activity in the same stations, suggesting the elimination of existing Fig. 10. Wood consumption rate (WCR) and number of active stations within the entire study area since January Solid circles depict WCR, triangles depict number of active sites. The black arrow indicates when hexaflumuron baits were applied throughout the entire study area. populations in the six-block areas followed by the reinvasion by neighboring R. flavipes populations. In an area such as the Armstrong Park of New Orleans, which is highly populated with subterranean termites, Messenger et al. (2005) showed that vacated territories of eliminated colonies could be quickly reoccupied by neighboring populations, but a continuous baiting of the reinvading populations created a large termite-free zone. As with the project in Armstrong Park, we continued to bait termites reappearing in Sentricon stations near the borders of the six-block area October 2004 May 2005; since then, no termite has been found in any of the Sentricon or monitoring stations in the entire six-block area. After removing an estimated 63 g of hexaflumuron since July 2003, R. flavipes activity was eliminated from the test area of Cerro Navia. Community and Community-Based Projects. The survey response rate of 93% (100 of 108 homes) from Cerro Navia was substantially higher than the 50% response rate (166 of 334 homes) of a similar areawide project conducted in a more affluent community (Golden Beach) of south Florida (Su et al. 2004). Approximately 56% (61 of 108) of the Cerro Navia residents gave us access to their homes for termite monitoring and baiting, whereas only 35% of the Golden Beach residents provided such access. One apparent reason for the difference was that treatments were provided for Cerro Navia residents free of charge, and Golden Beach residents had to pay for their own treatments. The monetary issue, however, may not account for the difference in community responses. In the French Quarter of New Orleans, for example, residents were provided with free government-sponsored treatments, yet the response and collaboration rate was substantially lower than that of Cerro Navia (Guillot et al. 2005). One striking difference between Cerro Navia and Golden Beach is the residents attitude toward the community-based projects. Residents of Cerro Navia, partially because of the cultural and socioeconomic background, tend to communicate with each other more through word of mouth, and they learned and responded well with information provided by us. Residents advised us of alate swarms, the presence of termite foraging tubes, and new termite infestations on their properties. Many found books, boxes, and even clothing damaged by R. flavipes. The sense of community among Cerro Navia residents was certainly stronger than among the more affluent and 258 American Entomologist Winter 2006

7 individualistic residents of Golden Beach. Property Size. The smaller property size (60 80 m 2 per house) in Cerro Navia than in Golden Beach ( m 2 per house) or French Quarter (~11,310 m 2 per city block of several connected buildings) was almost certainly one factor leading to the successful population control of R. flavipes in the six-block area. Foraging distance of an R. flavipes colony in Chile may extend up to m according to mark recapture studies (J.S., unpublished data). A single colony may inhabit soil beneath several properties in Cerro Navia. If a portion of a colony is detected from a Sentricon station in a collaborating property, then baits can be applied to kill the colony that may be infesting nearby properties that did not allow our access. Control Options and Applications for an Areawide Project. From the operational point of view, one reason for the successful population control in the six-block area can be attributed to the single treatment option that was carried out by one PMP. In Cerro Navia, the PMP (Controles Integrados S.A.) with one to three operators was responsible for the entire community, with a well-defined goal of eliminating all detectable termite populations in the target area. The Sentricon system was chosen because it is a product supported by abundant data to prove its ability to kill a subterranean termite colony (Su 2003), and the consistent baiting of any detectable termite populations by the same operator eventually created a termite-free zone that probably extended beyond the six-block area. Unlike Cerro Navia, homeowners of Golden Beach were given information on control options and had the advantages and disadvantages of each option explained to them, but they had to decide which option (if any) to adopt and pay for it (Su et al. 2004). The rationale was that, with adequate information provided, most educated homeowners would have chosen the proper control tool for the good of the community. This, however, did not work. Most homeowners of Golden Beach did not make a decision on control options; instead, they left it up to the local PMPs to decide. Despite information provided to them indicating the inability of soil termiticide barriers for population control, and thus the lack of impact on termite populations at the community level, many chose the least expensive techniques offered by the PMPs. The large-scale population reduction of C. formosanus is the goal of the areawide project in French Quarter, New Orleans, under the code name of Operation Full Stop by Agricultural Research Service (Guillot et al. 2005). Grants from ARS were provided to property owners in French Quarter to choose a qualified PMP to apply one of several control options including baits and liquid termiticides. Some bait products and liquid termiticides, however, probably did not kill C. formosanus colonies (Osbrink and Lax, 2003, Su 2005). Moreover, treatments were carried out by multiple PMPs who seldom communicated with each other, leaving portions of some properties (especially those with common walls) untreated in the Quarter (Guillot et al. 2005). The lesson we learned from the Cerro Navia project was that a simple control plan carried out by a single PMP who is ultimately responsible for the outcome may be better suited for an areawide project. In a large area, this may be impractical because a single PMP may not be able to carry out necessary tasks for the entire area. The alternative is to divide a large area into reasonably sized areas and assign each to a PMP with the condition of eliminating all detectable populations in each area. This arrangement will ultimately place the responsibility of population management with the assigned PMPs, without specifying any particular control option. American Entomologist Volume 52, Number 4 259

8 Challenges and Rewards of a Community-based Population Control Project in Developing Countries With the community-based protocol used in this project, the commercial activity, including installation, monitoring, and baiting of Sentricon stations, was estimated at ~$400 dollars per property, totaling $24,000. If the liquid termiticide were to be used individually for the entire six blocks, the commercial application amounted to $700 per property, or $42,000. When used individually, the commercial application of Sentricon could cost $800 per site, or $48,000. These figures illustrate the savings afforded by a community-based program. Advanced technologies such as the Sentricon system may be safer, more effective, and prevent termite expansion, but individually, they are also more expensive than structural applications of liquid termiticide. This project demonstrated that an advanced but costly technology may be made affordable if adopted collectively; thus, it may become available to low-income neighborhoods in developing countries. The Chilean government funded 50% of this project, and the remainder was funded by the PMP, Dow AgroSciences, and the University of Florida. Recently initiated areawide termite management projects in Chile have used differing financing schemes (J.S., personal communication). In the municipality of Las Condes, Santiago, homeowners paid 4% of the total cost, and the local municipality paid the remainder with funds destined for neighborhood improvements. In Viña del Mar, Chile, a homeowners association raised 10% of their project cost via raffles and local gatherings, 10% from association fees, 60% from the local municipality, and 20% from an educational institution located in the affected area. These examples demonstrate the importance of the integrated support of local and regional governments, private industry, and property owners willing to work together for a common cause. Achieving this kind of coordination will make future subterranean termite management programs possible and effective in developing countries such as Chile. Acknowledgments We thank Dow AgroSciences for providing the materials, the municipality of Cerro Navia, Santiago, Chile, all 108 property owners for their continuous collaboration, and Paul Bardunias and Mike Crosland (University of Florida) for review of this manuscript. This project was supported in part by a technology development grant Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Tecnologico y Productivo from the Chilean government under FONTEC project References Cited Austin, J. W., A. L. Szalanski, R. H. Scheffrahn, M. T. Messenger, S. Dronnet, and A. G. Bagnères Genetic evidence for synonymy of two Reticulitermes species: Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 98: Esenther, G. R., and D. E. Gray Subterranean termite studies in southern Ontario. Can. Entomol. 100: Freytag, E. D., M. K. Carroll, and E. S. Bordes Control of Formosan subterranean termites in Perseverance Hall in New Orleans Louisiana. Assn. Preserv. Technol. Bull. 31: Getty, G. M., C. W. Solek, R. J. Sbragia, M. I. Haverty, and V. R. Lewis Suppression of a subterranean termite community (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae, Reticulitermes) using a baiting system: A case study in Chatsworth, California, USA, pp In C.-Y. Lee and W. H. Robinson [Eds.], Proceedings of the 5 th International Conference on Urban Pests, P&Y Design Network, Penang, Malaysia. Guillot, F. S., D. R. Ring, A. R. Lax, and D. Boykin Impact of areawide management on alate densities of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), pp In C.-Y. Lee and W. H. Robinson [Eds.], Proceedings of the 5 th International Conference on Urban Pests, P&Y Design Network, Penang, Malaysia. Lax, A. R., and Osbrink, L. A United States Department of Agriculture Agriculture Research Service research on targeted management of the Formosan subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Pest Manage. Sci. 59: Osbrink, W. L. A., and A. R. Lax Effect of tree treatments on the occurrence of Formosan subterranean termite, C. formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in independent monitors. J. Econ. Entomol. 96: Messenger, M. T., N.-Y. Su, C. Husseneder, and J. K. Grace Elimination and reinvasion studies with Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Louisiana. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: Ring, D. R., A. L. Morgan, and W. D. Woodson The first two years of an area wide management program for the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in the French Quarter, New Orleans, Louisiana. Sociobiology 37: Ross, M. G Responding to incursions of Australian subterranean termites in New Zealand, pp In C.-Y. Lee and W. H. Robinson [Eds.], Proceedings of the 5 th International Conference on Urban Pests, P&Y Design Network, Penang, Malaysia. SAS Institute SAS/STAT guide for personal computers, version 6 ed. SAS Institute, Cary, NC. Su, N.-Y Field evaluation of a hexaflumuron bait for population suppression of subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) J. Econ. Entomol. 87: Su, N.-Y Baits as a tool for population control of the Formosan subterranean termite. Sociobiology 41: Su, N.-Y Response of the Formosan subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) to baits or nonrepellent termiticides in extended foraging arenas. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: Su, N.-Y., and E.-L. Hsu Managing subterranean termite populations for protection of historic Tzu-Su Temple a San-Shia, Taiwan. Sociobiology 41: Su, N.-Y., J. D. Thomas, and R. H. Scheffrahn Elimination of subterranean termite populations from the Statue of Liberty National Monument using a bait matrix containing an insect growth regulator, hexaflumuron. J. Am. Inst. Conserv. 37: Su, N.-Y., E. Freytag, E. Bordes, and R. Dicus Control of the Formosan subterranean termite infestations in historic Presbytere and Creole House of the Cabildo, French Quarter, New Orleans, using baits containing an insect growth regulator, hexaflumuron. Stud. Conserv. 45: Su, N.-Y., P. M. Ban, and R. H. Scheffrahn Control of subterranean termite populations at San Cristòbal and El Morro, San Juan National Historic Site. J. Cult. Heritage 3: Su, N.-Y., H. S. Zandy, P. M. Ban, and R. H. Scheffrahn Protecting historic properties from subterranean termites: a case study with Fort Christiansvaern, Christiansted National historic site, United States Virgin Islands. Am. Entomol. 49: Su, N.-Y., P. M. Ban, and R. H. Scheffrahn Use of bait impact index to assess the effects of bait application against populations of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in a large area. J. Econ. Entomol. 97: Su, N.-Y., W. Ye, R. Ripa, R. H. Scheffrahn, and R. M. Giblin-Davis Identification of Chilean Reticulitermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) inferred from three mitochondrial gene DNA sequences and soldier morphology. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 99: James Smith is a Ph.D. in entomology and Managing Director of Controles Integrados S.A. Caupolican 9241-D, Quilicura, Santiago, Chile. jsmith@terminator.cl. Nan-Yao Su is a Professor of Entomology at the Ft. Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, Raul Escobar is the Operations Manager of Controles Integrados S.A. rescobar@terminator.cl` 260 American Entomologist Winter 2006