Effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on soybean (Glycine max) agronomic traits

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1 International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. Available online at IJACS/2012/4-16/ ISSN X 2012 IJACS Journal Effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on soybean (Glycine max) agronomic traits Ali Arezoomand Chafi *1, Ebraham Amiri 2 and Davood Akbari Nodehi 1 1. Department of Agriculture Islamic Azad University, Ghaemshahr Branch, Ghaemshahr, Iran 2. Department of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Lahdijan Branch, Lahdijan, Iran *Corresponding author agri.sarcheshmeh@yahoo.com ABSTRACT: In order to effect management of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on yield of soybean cultivars Chernika pilot in crop year 2011 in the Guilan province and the city Langrood with latitude 36 degrees and 54 minutes, and longitude 40 degrees and 50 minutes, and the average height of 4 m above sea level, was performed. This experiment was split plot randomized complete block design with 3 replicates were performed on earth. Each experimental unit with dimensions of 3 3 m and was planted with seven rows. The main factors include the management of no irrigated (dryland) and irrigation with Intervals 0, 6, 12 and 18 days, and nitrogen fertilizer treatments containing 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 were considered as minor. Management of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer and its effect on grain yield, pods and biological significant at the 5% level. The highest yield of irrigation management 12 days to the kg ha, respectively. Fertilizer value of the zero level to higher levels, grain yield increases 5228 kg per hectare was achieved. At the end of the season traits such as number of pods per plant, seed weight and pod length were measured Key words: soybean, irrigation, nitrogen, yeild. INTRODUCTION The origin and early history forms the soybean crop is unknown, it is often said that the soybean is native to East Asia (Adcock and Neill, 2003). Soybean plants under drought stress on field observations indicate that significant amounts of soil water Access during all stages of plant development has an important effect on plant growth imposed. Briyer et al (2000) also concluded that climatic factors have no tangible impact on the spread of soybean roots, but in his view there is some contrary information. However, in most cases it seems that the total numbers of unit roots seriously affected by soil water regime are not seasonal but this does not mean that the rate of soil water availability is not affected. Nitrogen fertilizers increased the total nitrogen in the plant, but use as much nitrogen fertilizer, nitrogen stabilizer has a negative effect on the enzyme. So keep on soil fertility through nitrogen fixing bacteria in the nitrogen fertilizer should be considered by the caution. Improper use may increase the cost of planting and groundwater contamination is likely, therefore, should be enough nitrogen to the plant needed to be taken while increasing the yield of the well to prevent environmental pollution. Palmer et al (1995) also reported reduced nitrogen accumulation in soybean cultivars under drought stress were reported to have suffered less decline figures have shown. The germination of soybeans, 50 percent of its weight in water requires extra moisture rising from the soil surface is required (John, 2001). Astare and Scarisbrick (1995) reported that application of nitrogen fertilizer on dry matter accumulation at flowering stage of soybean lines grown in limited and unlimited growth increased Smiciklas et al (1992) as there were plenty of Rhizobium in the soil, nitrogen consumption in the reproductive period, especially during late flowering and pod formation and aggregation of soy, can increase performancein experiments Hatami et al (2009) showed that Nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased grain yield was 150 kg nitrogen per hectare so the application compared to control treatments resulted in increased grain yield was 28% Fathi et al (2001) showed that nitrogen application to 100 Kg.N/ha by increasing the number and pod weight will lead to increased yield. Taylor et al (2005) observed that application of nitrogen fertilizer in late planted soybean yield is improved. Water and nitrogen alone and in interaction, have a negative impact on growth and yield (Taylor et al, 2005).When the grain crop production is desired, a time of tension with the stress intensity is the same (Sarmadnia and Koucheki, 1993).Drought stress reduced nitrogen demand and the need to shoot, also reduce the transfer of solutes such as urea is nitrogen (Astare and Scarisbrick, 1995). Taylor et al (2005) Soybean stem height at the time of the stress factor for predicting tolerance to dehydration cultivars has been introduced. Soybean yield in soybean genetic correlation between stress and there are height (Speeth, et al 2001). The soybean plants which are capable of maintaining its altitude at the time of drought, reduced performance will be less (Taiz and

2 Zigger, 1998) The purpose of this study is the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on soybean agronomic traits. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments in crop year 2011 and the city of Guilan province Langrood with latitude 36 degrees and 54 minutes, and longitude 40 degrees and 50 minutes, and the average height of 4 meters above sea level, was performed. This experiment was split plot randomized complete block design with 3 replicates were performed on earth. Each experimental unit with dimensions of 3 3 m and was planted with seven rows. The main factors include the management of non-irrigated (dryland) and irrigated with period 0, 6, 12 and 18 days, and nitrogen fertilizer treatments containing 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 were considered as minor. Period of meteorological data from meteorological stations were Langrood city. Rainfall during the growing season was about 180 mm. Loam soil of the experimental field. Before land preparation and consumption of chemical fertilizer, the soil around the farm to determine the physical and chemical properties of soil sampling was done randomly (Table 1). For land preparation, beginning in May 2011 fully plowing the earth to eat and then in June, the soil by disc, powder, and then stack the climate, culture was initiated. Time of seed planting, 14 May 2011 was performed. During the operations at the farm level, three weeding to control weeds and soil around the roots was not. Product 15 was harvest time in Persian date Mehr To estimate the biological yield and pods and, after omitting the sides two rows of plants, harvested and weighed on a laboratory scale were accurate. Table1. Mean meteorological data in the studied Month Max temp(c ) Min temp (C ) Sunshine (h) Max humidity (%) Min humidity (%) Jun Jul Agu sep Oct Table2. Soil properties related to the experimental field Soil depth Percent organic Percentage of Available Available EC (cm) carbon total nitrogen phosphorus potasium Clay Silt Sand At the end of the season traits such as stem length, number of pods per plant, biological yield, pod yield, seed yield, seed weight and pod length were measured. Measured values for stem length, five pods per plot were randomly selected and then measured with a ruler. To determine the number of pods per plant, four plants were randomly selected. The numbers of healthy pods, the plants were removed and were counted. After harvesting operations, in order to estimate the biological yield, after omitting the two rows of plants from both sides, from the ground pods were harvested and weighed on scales accurate laboratory. After the harvest, the pod yield, after omitting the two rows of plants from both sides, from the ground pods were harvested and weighed by the scales were accurate. After the harvest, the estimated yield, after omitting the sides two rows of plants, seeds from the pods were harvested and weighed by the scales were accurate.grain was calculated. Measured values for pod length, pods per plot five randomly selected and then measured with a ruler. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Seed Yield Irrigation Management and nitrogen fertilizer and its effect on grain yield at 5% level of significance (Table 3). So the maximum seed yield of irrigation management 12 days to the kg ha, respectively (Figure1). With increasing irrigation intervals for grain yield increased from 6 days to 12 days That will not yield a significant decrease of these results with results of other researchers Gregory (2000) and Pope (2002) is also consistent. Analysis of variance indicated a significant effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels on grain yield is 5% probability level (Figure 2). As can be seen as the zero level of fertilizer consumption will increase to higher levels Yield increases 5228 kg per hectare was achieved Further increase in nitrogen fertilizer application on grain yield was not affected and the plant with 120 kg of nitrogen fertilizer was faced with a reduction in yield. The result with the experimental results Hatami et al (2009) and Ebadi et al (2006) is consistent. Nitrogen consumption increased by increasing the number of pods per plant and leaf area can increase the yield The number of pods per plant and plant products are potentially affected and are most effective in increasing grain yield.comparison of results with the highest average yield in irrigated for 12 days and 90 kg ha of nitrogen fertilizer level was assigned (Figure 3) Astare and Scarisbrick (1995) reported that application of 1189

3 nitrogen fertilizer on dry matter accumulation at flowering stage of soybean lines grown in limited and unlimited growth to 25 percent and grain yield at least 8 percent of all genotypes increased significantly. A greenhouse study on the early growth of soybean was shown on the application of nitrogen. Nitrogen consumption is associated with the accumulation of more dry matter in the lead the soybean yield was increased (Hatami et al, 2009). In the treatment without fertilizer and dry weight of growth It is placed Hndh the lack of access to additional sources of nitrogen in the critical stages of development leading to production of less photosynthetic material and Finally, the biological weight loss leaves little to the intensity of the nitrogen is at this level The result Azizi (1994) is consistent. The highest dry matter was accumulation of 120 kg.n/ha fertilizer, respectively. Soybeans needed to accelerate the transfer of nitrogen from leaves to seeds is this element, the remobilization of nitrogen from the green body can cause accelerated aging of leaves (Brevendan et al, 1978). (k g /h a) (k g /h a ) (kg/ha) 60(kg/ha) 90(kg/ha) 120(kg/ha) 0 No Irrigation 6 day 12 day 18 day Figure 2. Effect of nitrogen levels on seed yield Figure1. Effect of irrigation management on seed yield (kg/ha) N0 Irrigiton 6 day 12 day 18 day Figure3. Interaction between irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on seed yield management Table 3. Analysis of variance of soybean measured in terms of irrigation and fertilizer nitrogen Source of variation df Number pods per pod 100-seed weight Pod length Bloks ns ns ns ns Irrigation * * ns ns Error Nitrogen * ns ns ns I N * ns ns Error CV (%) ns: non significant, *: significant at P<

4 Table 4. Mean Analogy by Duncan Test Treatments Number pods per pod 100-seed weight Pod length No Irrigation b 69.2 c b 5.6 b 6 day b 82 a ab 5.9 b 12 day a 86.9 a ab 6 a 18 day b 83.7 a a 6.2 a c 68.3 c b 5.5 b 30(kg/ha) c 70.6 b ab 5.7 b 60(kg/ha) b 83.7 a ab 6.1 a 90 (kg/ha) a 88.7 a a 6.3 a 120 (kg/ha) 4780 b 85.4 a 504 a 6.2 a Number of pods per plant Irrigation effect on the number of pods per plant at significant was the 5% level (Table 3). The highest number of pods in irrigation management in irrigation levels was similar between the treatments without irrigation had the lowest (Table 4.fertilizer had a significant effect on levels of 5% level (Table 4). The lowest numbers of pods from the control (no fertilizer) with the 3/68 the number of plants were but with the increasing level of fertilizer added to the pods so that the highest number of pods with 90 kg of nitrogen fertilizer value of 88.7 the number of plants were obtained Level of 90 kg.n/ha fertilizer showed the greatest impact on increasing the number of pods Interaction between irrigation regimes and nitrogen levels were not significantly impact on the number of pods Brevendan et al (1978) reported that increased nitrogen levels during soybean flowering period, number of pods per node and number of pods per plant, respectively, 22 and 40% compared to control (no nitrogen consumption) increased Fathi et al (2001) also showed that nitrogen application up to 100 kg.n/ha by increasing the number and weight of soybeans from 2430 to 3387 and 4230 kg/ha, respectively, in the application of 50 and 100 kg.n/ha increased 100-seed weight Significant at 5% level of irrigation on grain weight showed (Table 3), so that the most effective irrigation management in 18 days showed an increase in seed weight (Figure 4). Most irrigation management kernel weight of 18 days with the g was obtained the least amount of grain without irrigation conditions with the g were assigned (Figure 3). Analysis of variance indicated a significant effect on the nitrogen fertilizer is seed weight (Table 4). The greatest average kernel weight at 90 and 120 kg of fertilizer with the and 504 g and the lowest kernel weight to the treatment without fertilizer, with the 417.4g were assigned. Whatever the amount of fertilizer added, seed weight increases.the 90 and 120 kg of nitrogen fertilizer levels did not show significant differences, but with increasing amounts of 90 to 120 kg of fertilizer, seed weight average of to 504 grams. The interaction between irrigation and fertilizer levels did not show significant differences. Pod length Irrigation management significant effect on pod length was found in the 5% level (Table 3). Maximum pod length of 6 days and irrigation management without irrigation the plant under conditions of minimum pod length, respectively, with values of 6.2 and 5.6 was assigned, Pod length decreased with decreasing irrigation. Affect the amount of irrigation increased pod length was 6 days. Fertilizer levels in the 5% level of significant differences in pod length indicated (Table 3). Average pod length in 60, 90 and 120 kg of nitrogen was similar (Table 4). Minimum and maximum pod length to pod length in treatments without fertilizer fertilizer 60, 90 and 120 kg.n was allocated. The fertilizer levels 60, 90 and 120 kg of nitrogen fertilizer were statistically in a grouping, but whatever the amount of fertilizer to be added to the sheath becomes more enhanced. Overall performance in enhancing the performance Vajzay between 90 and 120 kg of nitrogen fertilizer levels, the influence of fertilizer per hectare, showed that in this two level trait in a group were statistically significant. CONCLUSION The results showed that the management of irrigation, nitrogen fertilizer and its effect on grain yield was significant at the 5% level The highest yield of irrigation management 12 days to the 6/5125 kg ha, respectively Fertilizer value of the zero level to higher levels, grain yield increases The lowest yield in terms of fertilizer value of kg per hectare was but with increasing amounts of fertilizer significantly increased grain yield 90 kg of nitrogen fertilizer on the surface so that the maximum yield of kg per hectare was achieved 1191

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