Annexes. Annex A. Climate change adaptation in the agricultural sector: A road map for the Republic of Korea

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1 238 Annexes Annex A. Climate change adaptation in the agricultural sector: A road map for the Republic of Korea The Republic of Korea has adopted a roadmap for adaptation to climate change in the agricultural sector, which contains seven major categories covering 19 areas for action: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) R&D (breeding, production technology development, base technology development, resource management innovation and climate information system); Infrastructure management (farmland management, agricultural water management and agricultural facility management); Provision of economic means (provision of grants); Legal and institutional improvement (insurance system expansion, resource management system setup and formulation of plans for each region); Manpower training and education (manpower training and education/public relations); Monitoring (assessment of adaptation and vulnerability); Technology and management applicable to farm households (production technology management, soil management, water management and management of farm household finances). As climate change will occur over a considerable period, the roadmap has set a target year of 2030, to be achieved in three phases: (a) a short-term base build-up phase ( ); (b) a mid-term take-off phase ( ); and (c) a long-term settlement phase ( ). The seven major categories in each of these phases are presented in the following table.

2 239 Roadmap for implementing the adaptation measures in the agricultural sector for the Republic of Korea Adaptation Base build-up phase Take-off phase Settlement phase measures ( ) ( ) ( ) R&D Develop new breeds that are in great demand and resistant to heat. Popularize new cultivation technologies for fertilization and sowing. Prepare maps for suitable places for cultivation and crop distribution. Research to identify physiological effects of global Develop forecast models to prevent blights, pest and weeds. Develop and utilize early warning Develop water resource management systems to prevent natural disasters including drought and flooding. Infrastructure management Popularize the technologies for reducing carbon emission from rice fields and dry fields. Popularize no-tillage Establish standards for water-saving irrigation. Modernize agricultural infrastructure. Popularize energysaving technology for the protected horticulture. Popularize breeds adapted to global Provide information about adaptation to global warming and develop training Promote crop transformation evaluation studies. Improve early warning systems of climate change induced weather disasters. Promote facilities to optimize the efficiency of water utilization. Promote the water resource management system in prevention against natural disasters such as drought and flooding. Promote the reduction of carbon emission from rice fields and dry fields. Expand the no-tillage Popularize the standard for watersaving irrigation. Improve automated agricultural water Develop further energy-saving technologies for the protection of horticulture. Develop an adaptation system to global Convert to an agricultural production system that takes advantage of global Develop a crop transformation evaluation system. Further strengthen an early warning system Popularize the farming simulator Promote the water resource management system in prevention against natural disasters such as drought and flooding. Promote the reduction of carbon emission from rice fields and dry fields. Settle the no-tillage Develop a telemetering/ tele-control (TM/TC) system. Develop energy-saving fusion technology a for the protection of horticulture.

3 240 Adaptation Base build-up phase Take-off phase Settlement phase measures ( ) ( ) ( ) Economic means Legal and institutional improvement Public relations and education Pay a carbon grant to the agricultural population who practice low-carbon Introduce investment incentive for water saving. Support highefficiency irrigation Expand the insurance system for agricultural disasters. Expand the insurance system for damages caused by floods and storms. Operate a farm household income stabilization programme. Establish a global warming adaptation committee. Introduce a system for calculating crop damage. Formulate a long-term development plan for rural villages. Set up special task force teams for main areas of production. Train people specialized in agricultural risk Train consultants specialized in risk Expand education of farm households in insurance schemes for crop disasters and overall risk Expand carbon grants for low-carbon adaptation methods. Promote investment incentives for water saving. Charge for the use of water. Promote the insurance system for agricultural disasters. Promote the insurance system for damages caused by flood and storm. Set up farm income stabilization programmes. Set up a global warming adaptation committee. Develop a system for calculating crop damage. Arrange a long-term development plan for rural villages. Train people specialized in agricultural risk Utilize consultants specialized in risk Popularize the manual on adaptation to global Develop adaptation education Promote carbon grants for low-carbon farming methods. Promote the insurance system for agricultural disasters. Promote an insurance system for damages caused by flood and storm. Set up farm income stabilization programmes. Operate a global warming adaptation committee. Develop a system for calculating crop damage and support Train people specialized in agricultural risk Improve the manual on adaptation to global Strengthen a systematic education system for each subject related to adaptation to global

4 241 Adaptation Base build-up phase Take-off phase Settlement phase measures ( ) ( ) ( ) Monitoring Introduce an impact assessment model for productivity forecast and biological changes. Develop an agricultural ecosystem monitoring system. Technology and management applicable to farm households Control crop growth rate, greenhouse cultivation, agricultural chemicals and weeds. Cultivate crops adapted to climate change. Fertilize the soil by improving the alkali content. Install water management systems for individual farm households. Utilize risk avoidance crop insurance. Utilize the impact assessment model for productivity forecast and biological changes. Operate system for assessing the environmental impact on crop growth. Make mid/long-term forecasts of world food demand and supply. Fertilize the soil by improving the alkali content. Prepare an irrigation schedule to enhance the efficiency of water use. Participate in the income stabilization programme. Diversify farm household revenues through crop diversification. Develop a system for assessing the environmental impact of alternative water use on crop growth. Make mid/long-term forecasts of world food demand and supply. Change the places of cultivation to places with favourable climate conditions. Fertilize the soil by improving the alkali content. Prepare an irrigation schedule to enhance the efficiency of water use. a Energy-saving fusion technology incorporates convergence of biotechnology, energy technology, and information technology.

5 242 Annex B. Relevant WTO provisions affecting policy options to tackle GHG emissions WTO Agreement/Article General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Article I Article II Article III Article V Article VIII Article X Article XI Article XIII Article XVI Description Principal WTO Agreement covering trade in goods General Most-Favoured Nation treatment Schedule of concessions National treatment Freedom of transit Fees and formalities connected with importation and exportation Publication and administration of trade regulations General elimination of quantitative restrictions Non-discriminatory administration of quantitative restrictions Subsidies Implications Restricts use of popular trade policy instruments for environmental purposes, e.g. import bans and restrictions Countries, in imposing border measures on imports/exports, cannot discriminate between similar products from WTO members. Tariffs and other border charges may not be higher than the bound rates contained in countries schedules. Products entering a market must receive the same treatment as similar domestic products, i.e. no discrimination in treatment between imported and domestically produced goods. Goods in transit will not be subject to unnecessary delays or restrictions and will be exempt from customs duties and from all transit duties or other charges imposed in respect of transit, except charges for transportation. All fees and charges of whatever character (.) imposed by a WTO member on or in connection with imports or exports (.) will not represent an indirect protection to domestic products or a taxation of imports or exports for fiscal purposes. All trade regulations, charges, agreements decisions etc. need to be published promptly in a transparent and easily accessible manner. Prohibits quantitative restrictions (e.g. quotas) on imports and exports. Prohibits discrimination in the prohibition or restriction on imports or exports of any product destined for, or coming from another WTO member. Elaborated in the Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.

6 243 WTO Agreement/Article Description Implications Article XVII State trading enterprises To be read in conjunction with the Government Procurement (plurilateral agreement). Requires nondiscriminatory treatment by state trading enterprises. Article XVIII Article XX Article XXII Article XXIV Article XXVII Article XXVIII Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Government assistance to economic development General exceptions Nullification or impairment Customs unions and free trade areas Withholding or withdrawal of concessions Modification of schedules Covers provisions on subsidies and countervailing measures on trade in goods Economic development may be interpreted to include sustainable development. This would allow exceptions from standard WTO rules. Allows for exceptions to the standard rules that would allow measures necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health and those related to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources. Could be used to justify restrictions for environmental purposes, but those measures should not be used as a disguised restriction on international trade. Allows for country actions if that country considers that the action of another country nullifies or impairs benefits accruing under GATT, even when the action of the other country is in conformity with GATT. Should be considered in conjunction with the Enabling Clause. Allows RTAs under certain conditions. Those RTAs may have clauses on environment and climate change beyond those contained in GATT. Allows for withholding or withdrawal of concessions, e.g. based on environmental considerations, but requires consultations that have substantial interest. Similar to Article XXVII. Consultation and compensation may be required. Prohibits specific export subsidies. Where subsidies are allowed, they may be subject to countervailing measures if serious injury can be demonstrated.

7 244 WTO Agreement/Article Agriculture Sanitary and Phyto- Sanitary Measures Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS) Aspects of Trade- Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Description Covers provisions on trade in agricultural goods Covers provisions on the use of standards and regulations to protect animal, plant and human health Covers provisions on the use of public technical standards and regulations Covers trade in services, including environmental services Prohibits certain performance requirements for FDI such as local content for export products (as they are considered tradedistorting) Provides minimum international standards on IPR, but has flexibilities built in. Implications Allows for export subsidies if scheduled, but subject to reductions. Scheduled for elimination by Green box subsidies (which cause minimal trade distortions) are allowed, including direct payments under environment programmes. AoA takes precedence over other WTO agreements in cases of conflict. GHG emission standards may be imposed if it can be shown that such emissions are a health hazard, but must be based on proper scientific justifications. Allows technical standards and regulations related to GHG emissions, but should not be an unnecessary barrier to trade. Should conform to existing international standards. Will be subject to transparency, mutual recognition and non-discrimination provisions. Environmental services are not welldefined. GATS allows for exceptions to MFN. National treatment only where scheduled. Covers FDI in environmental services (mode 3: commercial presence). Does not allow policies that require local content in FDI projects aimed at development, including projects aimed at mitigating GHG emissions. Patent provisions may hamper developing countries access to climatesmart technologies, but contain flexibilities such as compulsory licensing. Exceptions to patenting may be possibly granted on the basis of protection of human, animal, plant health or life.