CARRYING CAPACITY OF FORAGE AND WASTE OF FOOD CROPS FOR SUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF BEEF CATTLE IN EAST KALIMANTAN

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1 CARRYING CAPACITY OF FORAGE AND WASTE OF FOOD CROPS FOR SUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF BEEF CATTLE IN EAST KALIMANTAN SUMANTO and E. JUARINI Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production PO Box 221, Bogor Indonesia ABSTRACT East Kalimantan has a vast land that is still a chance for industry and mining, gas, agriculture, forestry and plantations. Extensive plantation, especially palm oil, is growing rapidly with the potential to be integrated with the cattle business, in addition to the integration of the agricultural land. The aim of this study was to analyze the carrying capacity of natural forage for ruminant feed especially. Beef Cattle to support its development in East Kalimantan, where the need of beef cattle is high. To fulfill the need of meat in this province, beef cattle are always brought in from outside every year. Data on land use, production of food crops and ruminant livestock population that now is reaching 91,144 Animal Unit (AU), were analyzed. Result showed that the carrying capacity index (ICC) of forage for ruminant feed in the area of East Kalimantan is: 52.7, meaning that the total area of East Kalimantan for ruminant development was still available abundantly. All districts in East Kalimantan can accommodate the development of ruminants, except in Tana Tidung, Tarakan, Samarinda and Bontang. The capacity of this region to accommodate the development of ruminants is 1,599,958 AU, this means that this region still has an adding capacity of ruminant population development of as much as 1,508,815 AU. This high value of ICC in the East Kalimantan region is due to the low population of ruminants and the potential support from abundant feed in the forest, plantation and crop waste. Key words: Forage, Carrying Capacity, Beef Cattle INTRODUCTION East Kalimantan has land that is still widespread and has been used for mining, gas, agriculture, forestry and plantations. Plantation areas, especially oil palm plantation, is growing rapidly from about 200 thousand ha in 2006, up to 875 thousand ha in 2011 which is expected to potentially be integrated with the cattle business or may be integrated on agricultural land. The availability of potential food resources in the forest area has also support the improvement of beef cattle population. Livestock sector is one important component in the system of agricultural development, especially to support the promotion of welfare in the villages. Ruminant livestock population in East Kalimantan are still low, while the demand for beef cattle for the people can t be met on their own, but still depend on the supply from outside the province, such as from NTB, East Java and South Sulawesi, South Kalimantan. (East Kalimantan Livestock Service, 2011). Generally, farmers in addition to cultivating food crops or plantation crops also raise ruminant livestock such as cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats in a simple way through a herding or housing system that make use of available land as a source of waste feed. In special circumstances, such as for fattening purposes, recovery of health of livestock, farmers generally provide additional feed (concentrate) that available in the location such as rice bran, onggok, waste product of beer or tofu, herbs, etc. Because of the most land of East Kalimantan is still forest, plantations and agriculture in which supposed to have great potential as a source of forage for livestock feed, while ruminant livestock population is still low (91,144 AU), the East Kalimantan region thought to potentially be upgraded. These observation was expected to study how much capacity of East Kalimantan region for 370

2 the development of ruminant livestock, mainly cattle and buffalo in supporting the acceleration of the adequacy of animal feed. MATERIALS AND METHODS To analyze the carrying capacity of the waste product and forage crops and plantations, secondary data including the results of research were used, in addition to the data of livestock statistics in East Kalimantan (Animal Husbandry Statistics 2010 and 2011) and field observations to several sites in East Kalimantan where people keep beef cattle. This study was done in July The carrying capacity Carrying capacity of the region of natural roughage for cattle development is the ability of the region to accommodate the optimum number of livestock population, which is highly specific inter agro-ecosystem. Later in the discussion will be emphasized to the carrying capacity of the land to provide the needs of ruminants for forage, i.e. cattle, buffalo, horses, goats, and sheep. In such a context, the definition of the carrying capacity of the traditional farming area is the ability of the land to produce feed mainly in the form of forage that can accommodate the needs of a number of livestock in the form of fresh or dry, without going through the process and no extra special treatment. (Ashari et al., 1996). The animal unit conversion Table 1 shows the Conversion value from head of cattle to the value of animal unit (AU) used in East Kalimantan (East Kalimantan Livestock Service, 2011) Minimum feed requirements per animal unit (AU) Minimum feed requirements of cattle eating forage by one animal unit (AU) was calculated as follows according to Thahar et al. (1996): K = 2.5% 50% kg = 1.14 DDM tons/year/au K: The need to feed a minimum of one AU (in tons of dry matter ingested or also called DDM (digestible dry matter) for one year. 2.50%: Needs minimum amount of forage ration (dry matter) of body weight. 50%: The average value of the digestibility of different kinds of plants. 365: Number of days in a year. 250 kg: The amount of biomass for an Animal Unit (AU). Total ruminant feed requirements per region (TR) = Total population of cattle (AU) per area 1.14 DDM ton/year. Table 3. Value conversion factor animal unit (AU) Livestock types Conversion factors Dairy cow Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Horses Sources: Office of South Kalimantan Animal Husbandry (2011) Potential forage production (PFP) Total potential production of natural forage feed in an area is the amount of feed production from sources of waste of food crops and land use into consideration for the needs of livestock, the role of conservation and other environmental functions. The potential amount of waste is a potential crop of potential food availability at any given time is calculated by multiplication of the value of crop production/ year, estimated sewage plants/ha/year and the digestibility values for each crop (value between 0.2 and 0.3). The total potential forage feed from the source of land use is the amount of forage feed produced from each type of land use (e.g. residential, fields, plantation, etc.) with the theoretical calculation of the broad elements of each type of land use, the productivity of forage feed per type of land 371

3 use (1 5 tons/ha/year), the conversion factor for the conservation and the environment (1 or 2) and everage of digestability (0.25) (Ashari et al., 1996). CCI, area capability (ArC) and capacity of addition (CAd) Carrying capacity index (CCI) is obtained from the undigested total forage available divided by the number of digested feed requirements of cattle in the region, considering the optimum value of other benefits. While the calculation of the analysis of the carrying capacity index (CCI) of feed has been modified by Sumanto and E. Juarini (2006) is formulated as below. Total potential feed available (DDM) CCI = Total Feed Requirement (DDM) ArC (AU) = ( ICC/3 ) Total Existing Population (AU) Cad (AU) = CAr (AU) - Total Population (AU) CCI means that in addition to its use as animal feed supplies, the CCI is also considered for other functions in the form of direct or indirect use. For the value of ICC, grouped into 4 (four) criteria: Very critical areas, i.e. areas with CCI 1. Critical areas i.e. areas with CCI > 1 3. Vulnerable areas, i.e. areas with CCI = 3. Safe areas, i.e. areas with CCI > 3. The meaning of each value of CCI as mentioned above, namely for example: CCI values 1: - Animals do not have a choice in utilizing available resources. - There was depletion of resources in the agro-ecosystem. - There is no natural vegetation or waste returned or organic matter to the cycle of soil (that contribute to luxurious soil). ICC values > 1 3: - Livestock have had the option to utilize the resources but has not met conservation and environmental aspects. ICC value = 3: - Returns to the natural organic matter to the mediocre. ICC values > 3: - Availability of feed resources are functionally sufficient for livestock, conservation and environmental aspects. Land use RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Land area in East Kalimantan is about million ha with the highest percentage of area is still forested (74.00%), plantation (5.1%), land and horticultural crops of rice and non rice field (12,8%) and animal land (3.8%), and the rest land for the residential and energy industry continues to increase (East Kalimantan in Figure, 2010). Statistical data shows that East Kalimantan's land area has been reduced from 22 million ha in 2006 to million ha in The percentage of forests in 2010 is also suffered extensively drop compared to its conditions in 2001, from 88% in 2001 to 74% in This declining in the forest area eventually happened due to the other purposes of the land use of which is reach the average of 150 thousand ha/year (Forestclimatecenter.org, 2011). In fact the extension of land for agricultural activities and the demand for the expansion of oil palm plantation business increased very rapidly. Extensive oil palm plantations in 2006 only about 200 thousand ha and has increased to 875 thousand ha in 2012 (Statistics of East Kalimantan, 2011) and even the broad target of oil palm plantings around 1 million ha can be achieved by the year 2013 (personal information, the Plantation Office, East Kalimantan 2012). The need for land for housing also continues to increase, due to the increasing population at a rate of about 3.82% / year. Besides it is also growing use of land for the sawmilling industry, oil, gas and coal. With increasing industry, causing East Kalimantan economy continues to increase, as in the quarter year III-2011, reaching 3.9% compared with the conditions of the previous year of about 2.9% (BKPM, 2011). Effect of the rapid growth of industry in East Kalimantan, then the chance of job occupation for local communities and migrant workers more knowledgeable and can indirectly increase their income. Related to the increase of population and incomes increase, the need for housing and 372

4 food (vegetable and animal) is also increasing. To increase the production of animal feed, it is need to provide seeds, land, food and other support facilities in order to lead to efficient operations. Ruminants, generally depends on the forage feed and of course the availability of land would be also necessary in order to generate the waste feed and forage crops to meet the needs of ruminant livestock feed. Beef calves, feed concentrate and means of transport is still a constraint, but on the other hand the availability of land in East Kalimantan are still quite wide spread and this needs to be assessed to know the extent to which the carrying capacity of the waste feed and forage crops able to support the cultivation and the development of ruminants. The ruminant population The Ruminant population in East Kalimantan in 2011 was: 45 dairy cows, beef cattle, 9,985 buffaloes, 497,675 sheep, 61,691 goats, and 102 horses (Table 1). While the population of ruminants in Animal Units (AU) is distributed as many as AU per district/city, as shown in Table 2. Concentration of ruminant population Concentration of Ruminat animal population above the average for each commodities of ruminants are presented in Table 3 but for sheep, horses and dairy cattle are not shown because the population is still limited. The growth of ruminant population While the average rate of development of the ruminant population within past 5 years ( ) as shown in Table 4, namely: beef cattle 5.18%, 4.5% water buffalo, goat: 0.59%, in fact the population of those commodities in 2011 decreased compared to their population in Dairy cattles, sheep and horses are not shown because the population is not spread and is still limited. Table 1. Ruminant livestock population (head ) in the year 2011 District Dairy cattle Beef cattle Buffaloes Sheep Goats Horses Pasir - 12, ,847 - Kutai Barat - 6, ,462 - Kutai Kartanegara - 23,464 3,425-6,828 - Kutai Timur 5 15, ,977 - Berau - 8, , Malinau - 1, Bulungan - 5, ,099 2 Nunukan - 6,553 3,158-2, Panajam Paser Utara 29 10,440 1,188-4,982 - Tana Tidung Balikpapan - 1, , Samarinda - 5, ,635 7 Tarakan 2 1, Bontang Total 45 98,699 9, , Provincial average 3 7, ,407 7 Sources: East Kalimantan Agency for Agriculture and Livestock (2011) 373

5 Table 2. Ruminant population in East Kalimantan in 2011 (AU) District Dairy cattle Beef cattle Buffaloes Sheep Goats Horses Total Pasir - 9, ,310 Kutai Barat - 4, ,699 Kutai Kartanegara - 17,793 3, ,687 Kutai Timur 4 11, ,911 Berau - 6, ,373 Malinau - 1, ,373 Bulungan - 3, ,652 Nunukan - 4,969 2, ,114 Panajam Paser Utara 22 7,917 1, ,589 Tana Tidung Balikpapan - 1, ,554 Samarinda - 4, , ,871 Tarakan Bontang Total 34 74,843 9, , ,144 % Sources: East Kalimantan Agency for Agriculture and Livestock (2011) Table 3. Concentrations above the average population of ruminant livestock in East Kalimantan in 2011 Type of animal Mean population (head) in Kaltim District Dairy cattle 7,050 Buffalo 713 Goats 4,407 Sources: East Kalimantan in figures 2011 (in processed) Kutai Karta Negara, Kutai Timur, Pasir, Panajam PU, Berau Kutai Karta Negara, Nunukan, Pajaman PU, Kutai Timur Berau, Kutai Timur, Kutai Karta Negara, Bulungan, Kutai Barat, Panajam PU, Pasir Table 4. Ruminant population in East Kalimantan ( ) Type of animal Population growth (%) Average Cattle (9.00) 5.18 Buffalo (27.06) 4.5 Goats (8.28) (6.16) 0.59 Source: East Kalimantan in figures 2011 (in processed). Sign (-) minus 374

6 Forage feeding capability Cultivation and development of beef cattle as one commodity of ruminant livestock can t be separated from the importance of providing feed from forage (grass) and food crop waste. East Kalimantan province is one of the targets MP3EI rich in energy and material resources, that are still vast reserves of land for the benefit of agriculture and food security support in the future, including for the benefit of animal husbandry. Animal husbandry program until 2014 pointed out that the belle of farm commodity were beef cattle and buffalo (Blue Print PSDSK 2014).The program that was launched in 2009 proclaimed to achieve self-sufficiency of beef and buffalo in Current conditions shows that the largest cattle population is still concentrated in Java, NTT, NTB, Sulawesi and Sumatra but in the future will be increasingly less predictable due to the increasing scarcity of land for development of livestock ruminants to be driven by other interests, such as settlements and industrial business that increased tremendously. On the other hand the vast island of Kalimantan and that the scarcity of the number of people and livestock in this island is a chance to be a land development area of livestock (beef cattle) in the future. The large areas of forest, plantations and agricultural business are another adding point to support a positive value for the development of ruminant livestock, especially beef cattle, because the land has the potential to save forage feed and agricultural waste. The identification and analysis of potential land in East Kalimantan in 2011, shows the carrying capacity of feed for ruminant livestock development is still high and is reflected in the Table 5. Table 5. shows that the number of ruminant population reached Animal Unit (AU) in 2011, consists of beef cattle (82.12%), Table 5. Carrying capacity of the natural forage as ruminant feed for beef cattle development in East Kalimantan in 2011 District ICC Total availability of feed (DDM ton/yr) Total feed requirement (DDM ton/yr) Capability areas (AU) Ruminant population (AU) Capacity addition (AU) Pasir ,077 11, ,829 10, ,520 Kutai Barat ,489 6, ,003 5, ,304 Kutai Karta Negara ,311 24, ,828 21, ,141 Kutai Timur ,071,960 14, ,439 12, ,528 Berau ,716 8, ,660 7, ,286 Malinau ,843 1, ,498 1, ,125 Bulungan ,766 5, ,797 4, ,145 Nunukan ,238 9, ,105 8, ,991 Panajam Paser Utara ,748 10,932 55,774 9,589 46,185 Tana Tidung 2.6 1, (80) Balikpapan ,472 1,772 5,401 1,554 3,847 Samarinda ,500 6,693 3,947 5,871 (1,924) Tarakan 2.7 2,936 1, (108) Bontang 2.1 1, (145) Total ,471, ,904 1,599,958 91,144 1,508,815 Sources: East Kalimantan in figures 2011 (in processed) 375

7 buffaloes (9.95%) and goats (7.77%) and the rest were consisting of horses and dairy cattle. Ruminant population requires forage for feed as many as DDM (tons/year) and total potential availability of forage feed reached 5,471,858 DDM (tons/year), so the forages are still available abundantly in East Kalimantan. In fact the potential contribution of forest land for forage feed was as much as 66%, of oil palm plantations was 24% and of coconut land, crops and other plantation was 10%. The overall value of ICC in East Kalimantan was 52.7 (> value 3) which means that the carrying capacity of natural forage as source of ruminant feed is still very supportive for livestock development, except in some districts/cities that are not safe, such as the District of Land Tidung, the city of Samarinda, the Tarakan city and Bontang city. This is due to the condition of the city, where only few extensive forest and palm oil plantations are found, even almost had rarely encountered, while the land settlement and industry are growing rapidly. Although the shortage of forage feed ruminants is often found in those cities, the farmers usually still able to overcome by finding additional forage feed from another location nearby and of course it takes effort or increasing its cost. Of the CCI value, it can be suggested that the potential capacity of the area to accommodate cattle development in East Kalimantan was 1,599,958 AU, taking into account the existing ruminant livestock population of AU, then the cattle population of this provinci can still be added as many as 1,508,815 AU. If the assumptions such as the composition of ruminant remains in the population in 2011, the carrying capacity of land in East Kalimantan can still be added as many as: 1,238,976 AU (1,633,886 head) of Cattle, AU ( head) of Buffaloes, 565 AU (745 head) of dairy cattle, 767 AU (6274 head) of sheep, AU (1,021,247 head) of goats, and 1161 AU (1689 head) of Horse. CONCLUSIONS Ruminant livestock population in East Kalimantan is reaching 91,144 Animal Unit (AU), where as many as 82.12% contribution of beef cattle, 9.95% of buffaloes and 7.77% of goats and the rest were suplied from horses and dairy cattle. Ruminant population requires forage feed as many as 103,904 DDM (ton/year) and total potential availability of forage feed in East Kalimantan reached 5,471,858 DDM (ton/year). Potential forage feed consists of as much as 66% of forest land, 24% of oil palm plantations and 10% of coconut land, crops and other plantation. CCI in East Kalimantan is 52.7 (> value 3) which means that the carrying capacity is still very supportive of feed for ruminant livestock development, except in some districts/cities that are not safe, as the District Land Tidung, the city of Samarinda, the Tarakan city and Bontang city. The potential capacity of this area to accommodate cattle in East Kalimantan is 1,599,958 AU, taking into account the existing ruminant livestock population of 91,144 AU, then the capacity of this provinci can still be added as many as 1,508,815 AU. REFERENCES Ardhani, F Prospek dan analisa usaha penggemukan sapi potong di Kalimantan Timur ditinjau dari sosial ekonomi. EPP 3(1): Anonymous Strategi Pembangunan Kalimantan Timur yang Berkelanjutan dan Ramah Lingkungan. Dewan Nasional dan Perubahan Iklim. Ashari, E. Juarini, Sumanto dan B. Wibowo Pedoman Analisis Potensi Wilayah. Balai Penelitian Ternak Ciawi. BPS Kalimantan Timur Kalimantan Timur Dalam Angka Badan Pusat Statistik Kalimantan Timur. BKBM Potensi Investasi di Kalimantan Timur. Disnak Kaltim Buku Statistik Peternakan Kalimantan Timur tahun Disnak Kaltim Statistik Peternakan Kaltim Dinas Peternakan Kalimantan Timur. Forestclimatecenter.org/redd Program Kesiapan REDD Kalimantan Timur. Http: //perkebunan kaltimprov.go.id/potensi. 376

8 Krisnadewi, V. Peningkatan Nilai Guna Lahan Kritis di Propinsi Kalimantan Timur Dengan Tanaman Pakan Ternak. Lokakarya Nasional Tanaman Pakan Ternak. Sumanto and E. Juarini Intisari Petunjuk Analisis Potensi Wilayah. Balai Penelitian Ternak Ciawi (unpublished). Winarso, B Prospek pengembangan usaha dan pemasaran ternak sapi potong di Kalimantan Timur. J. Ilmiah Kesatuan 6(1):