Users Guide. At the route of Quality

Transcription

1 Users Guide At the route of Quality

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3 Contents 1 INTRODUCTION TO QUALITRACK SOFTWARE AND EUREPGAP PROTOCOL FOR QUALITY AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT...3 Safety as affected by chemical residues:...3 Who is affected by food safety:...3 Quality of fresh produce:...3 Quality, safety and EUREPGAP as a means to succeed:...3 Qualitrack and EUREPGAP:...3 Quality system requirements:... 4 Understanding the character of your product (fruit / vegetable fresh or processed).. 4 HOW DOES THE QUALITRACK SOFTWARE HELP IN EUREPGAP IMPLEMENTATION, MANAGEMENT AND AUDITS TRACEABILITY RECORD KEEPING VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS...6 a. Choice of variety or rootstock...6 b. Seed quality...7 c. Pest and Disease Resistance...7 d. Seed Treatments and Dressings...7 f. Genetically Modified Organisms SITE HISTORY AND SITE MANAGEMENT...9 a. Site History...9 b. Rotations SOIL AND SUBSTRATE MANAGEMENT...12 a. Soil mapping...12 b. Cultivation...12 c. Soil erosion...12 d. Soil fumigation...12 e. Substrates...13

4 2 Contents 6. FERTILISER USE...15 a. Nutrient requirement...15 b. Advice on Quantity and Type of Fertiliser...16 c. Records of applications...16 d. Timing and frequency...17 e. Application machinery...17 f. Fertilizer storage...17 g. Organic matter IRRIGATION...19 a. Predicting Irrigation Requirements...20 b. Irrigation method...20 c. Quality of irrigation water...20 d. Supply of irrigation water GROP PROTECTION...21 a. Basic elements of crop protection...21 b. Choice of chemicals...22 c. Advise on quantity and type of pesticide...24 d. Records of applications...26 e. Safety, training and instructions...27 f. Protective clothing / equipment...27 g. Pre-harvest intervals...28 h. Spray equipment...28 i. Disposal of Surplus Spray Mix...29 j. Pesticide residue analysis...29 k. Pesticide storage...29 l. Empty Pesticide Containers...31 m. Obsolete Pesticides HARVESTING...32 a. Hygiene...32 b. Packaging on Farm...32

5 Contents POST HARVEST TREATMENTS...32 a. Post Harvest chemicals...32 b. Post-harvest washing WASTE AND POLLUTION MANAGEMENT, RECYCLING AND RE-USE...34 a. Identification of Waste and Pollutants...34 b. Waste and Pollution Action plan WORKER HEALTH, SAFETY AND WELFARE...34 a. Risk Assessments...34 b. Training...34 c. Facilities and equipment...34 d. Pesticide Handling...34 e. Hygiene...34 f. Welfare ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES...35 a. Impact of farming on the Environment b. Wildlife and Conservation Policy...35 c. Unproductive Sites COMPLAINT FORM INTERNAL AUDITS...36 Major must Minor must Should (recommended)

6 Linking together the elements of Sustainable Agriculture The Principles of Sustainable Agriculture: The production of sufficient, affordable high quality food and fibre to meet current and future needs. The protection of the economic viability of farming operations. The minimising of adverse effects of agricultural activities on the environment and the delivery of positive effects where possible. PEST LEVEL INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT: (IPM) Management of pests using all appropriate techniques and methods - The term pest including cultural, biological, mechanical, chemical and biotechnological is used to include - in a given situation. The aim is to prevent pests occuring, observe pest weeds, insects, levels and intervene only to avoid unacceptable economic losses. Evaluate fungal plant all available pest control options and select methods that maximise diseases, viruses, rodents and human safety and minimise environmental impact. mammals. CROP LEVEL INTEGRATED CROP MANAGEMENT: (ICM) Management of the whole crop tp produce economic yields of high quality produce in an environmentally sound and socially responsible way. The optimised use of natural resources. The protection of the health and safety of farmers and local communities. A positive contribution to the quality of life of rural communities. INTEGRATED FARM MANAGEMENT: (IFM) A whole farm management approach that balances the efficient and profitable production of food and fibre with environmental care and social responsibility. How the elements of the IFM link together and interact in a whole farm policy is clearly shown by the IFM wheel. DEVELOPMENT/ DONOR AGENCIES GOVERNMENTS INTER-GOVT. ORGANISATIONS FARM LEVEL A dynamic approach that combines the best available knowledge, skills and technology in ways that are appropriate to local conditions and capacity. FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ANALYSTS ACADEMICS FOUNDATIONS THE WHOLE ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE: (SA) Providing sufficient, high quality food and fibre to meet existing and future needs, using farming methods that protect and improve the environment and the well-being of farmers and local communities. NGOs CONSUMER Many different stakeholders are involved in defining and driving the SA agenda. ORGANIC ASSOCIATIONS FARMERS/ CO-OPERATIVES FOOD INDUSTRY AGRIBUSINESS COMPANIES SOIL & WATER MANAGEMENT CROP ROTATION & VARIETY MONITORING & AUDITING Integrated farming systems, based on ICM and IPM principles, are widely believed to represent the best way of meeting the goals of Sustainable Agriculture. prevention intervention CROP NUTRITION ORGANISATION & MANAGEMENT IFM observation IPM CROP PROTECTION ANIMAL HUSBANDRY WILDLIFE & LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT ENERGY MANAGEMENT WASTE & POLLUTION MANAGEMENT Balancing the requirements for economic growth, environmental protection and social development.

7 Introduction to Qualitrack Software and Eurepgap Protocol for Quality and Safety Management 5 Safety as affected by chemical residues: High quality, fresh fruit and vegetables are the showcase of every modern supermarket entrance. Today s consumer expects a constant year-round supply of clean, healthy and, above all, safe produce. Over the past 30 years, developments in crop protection products have been a key component in fulfilling these demands; at lower cost in real terms than ever before. It is quite reasonable for consumers to ask: Do we have to have residues of crop protection products in our food, if so, are they safe?. Unfortunately, the public perception, and confidence in the safety of their food has been seriously undermined in recent years. Unsubstantiated scares have fuelled consumer concerns on the dangers of treating crops with crop protection products. This has lead to the common misconception that crops are routinely doused in chemicals and that unseen residues are in everything that we eat. Unfortunately South Africa does not have a national residue monitoring service, but considering surveys done in the UK and EU, only 1 4 % of produce tested showed higher than legally allowed residue levels. The occasional results of residues above Maximum Residue Level (MRL) can cause consumer concerns. However, the following points should be borne in mind: Residues will only exceed the MRL when the product is not used according to the approved recommendations, or the product has been used on a crop for which it is not approved. Both of these are rare occurrences, and steps are taken to prevent or minimise the chance of occurrence. In South Africa, it is illegal to use any pesticide on any crop for which there is no approval according to ACT 36 of Exceeding an MRL doesn t automatically mean that there is a safety risk. It is important to emphasize that MRL s are not safety limits. Their primary use is to facilitate trade between countries. Who is affected by food safety: Food safety penetrates the total system, and traceability, education and awareness are needed right through the system to the point of people eating the food. In recent years, especially with the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995, food safety and food security have become important national and international issues. Food safety and its accountability are now a major issue within the food industry and is becoming the key driver for assurance schemes and traceability.

8 6 Quality of fresh produce: Quality is defined in conformance to customer requirements. Quality management is a system designed to prevent deviations from established requirements or performance standards. It requires the development of favourable attitudes and controls that ensure a do it right first time operation. The benefit from quality management is long-term problem free operation and hence reduction in quality costs. This in turn presents major opportunities for profit improvement. It is impossible to inspect either quality or safety into packed fruit. Quality, safety and EUREPGAP as a means to succeed: Every member of the food supply chain is accountable for delivering food that is free of chemical contaminants, biological contaminants and physical contaminants. For the farmer, the quality of fresh produce should therefore be a matter of predetermined, well-organised and well- implemented process control parameters. One such a system that is gaining momentum is the EUREPGAP (Euro-Retailer Produce Working Group) protocol; an assurance scheme designed by European representatives in the fruit and vegetable sector prescribing to Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). These protocols are aimed at assuring that all has been done, within reason, to maintain food safety and environmental responsibility. If problems occur, systems should be in place to trace the origin of the product. Traceability, therefore, is the answer frequently given to ensure access to information and to demonstrate safety and quality. By following an accredited assurance program such as EUREPGAP, farmers are able to exert due diligence and it is reasonable to assume that the food from that farm is safe to eat. We should then rather concentrate on the benefits of eating a varied balanced diet containing at least five portions of high quality fruit and vegetables a day. Qualitrack and EUREPGAP: Qualitrack recognizes the importance of sustainable agriculture to farmers, to the environment, to the people of this and future generations, and the continued success of our own business. We aspire to be the leader in providing innovative value added solutions to growers and the food / feed chain which delivers safe and healthy food using methods that protects and where possible enhance the environment and contribute positively to the life of farmers and rural communities. Working in partnership with other members of the food chain our aim is to: Actively encourage the adoption of sustainable principles and practices, as part... of integrated farm systems; always take into account social, environmental and economic dimensions; identify and disseminate best practice; measure and communicate progress.

9 Quality system requirements: 1. Commitment: A total commitment from management to labourers must be adopted to implement a successful quality system. 2. Organisation An organisational structure must be implemented to create functional responsibility for each task. 3. Training Relevant training must be provided for personnel carrying out the tasks at the critical stages affecting quality or safety of the product 4. Controlling the production A chain is only as strong as it s weakest link. The whole process of production should be analysed and critical stages affecting quality and safety identified. The EUREPGAP protocol provides all the relevant critical points that need to be considered in production. Action requirements must be developed for each of the identified critical stages. 5. Inspection and testing Critical stages in the production, packing and shipping of fruit should be monitored using relevant measuring equipment. Equipment such as temperature loggers should be routinely calibrated to recognised standards. Records of calibrations must be kept. 6. Documentation and quality records Documentation of all aspects dealing with critical stages (outlined in the EUREPGAP protocol) in quality and safety control must be kept for auditing purposes. 7. Traceability The finished product must be clearly identified. It must be traceable so that product recalls can be readily facilitated if required. 7

10 8 8. Safety A properly implemented EUREPGAP protocol is a recognised means of exerting due diligence. To demonstrate responsible use of chemicals farmers and packhouses must ensure that: Only registered chemicals are used Only appropriately trained staff uses chemicals All chemicals are used according to label instructions A record is kept of all chemicals stored and used Chemicals are stored and disposed off according to label instructions Verification of use involves monitoring, validation audit and end product testing End product testing should be undertaken to demonstrate that MRL s have not been exceeded Understanding the character of your product (fruit / vegetable fresh or processed) Export fruit are harvested from throughout the year in South Africa. Fruit are subject to disease and pest attack throughout the growing season and thus chemically treated. Fruit are sea-exported to the Northern Hemisphere in temperature maintained vessels and must comply with all export regulations set in terms of quality and safety. The fruit are highly perishable with definitive shelf life. Condition of fruit is determined by environmental conditions during growing season, cultivar, maturity, nutritional status of trees, postharvest diseases, physiological disorders and temperature regimes used for exporting.

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12 10 How does the Qualitrack Software help Eurepgap Implementation, Management and Audits The EurepGap protocol consists of 15 areas of importance in farming operations. It provides a framework for Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) on farms, which defines essential elements for the development of best practice for the global production of horticultural products (e.g. fruits, vegetables, potatoes, salads, cut flowers and nursery stock). It defines the minimum standard acceptable to the leading retail groups in Europe, however, standards for some individual retailers and those adopted by some growers may exceed those described. Integral to the implementation and management of the protocol is independent verification. As described in EUREPGAP General Regulations, this scheme is divided into Major Musts (red background), Minor Musts (yellow background) and Recommendations (green background). The following information is provided to show how the Qualitrack record keeping software is able to capture the relevant information. The different elements of the protocol are shown according to the abovementioned colour coding indicating minor, major musts and shoulds. In order to attain certification farmers must adhere to 100% of the major musts, 95% of the minor musts and 80-90% of the shoulds. 1. TRACEABILITY #1 Is EUREPGAP registered product traceable to the registered farm where it has been grown? QUALITRACK COMPLIANCE Qualitrack is a software programme designed primarily to help farmers keep records of all essential farming operations 2. RECORD KEEPING #1 Are all records requested along the inspection kept for a period of time of two years? QUALITRACK COMPLIANCE Both an on-line and off-line data storage is possible. Of-line on the base computer hardrive, CD s etc. On-line by downloading information on the data warehouse through and making data available through unique user ID and passwords.

13 11 3. VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS QUALITRACK COMPLIANCE Choice of cultivar must depend on market demand. It is of little use to supply fruit during a period when volumes exceed demand or contracts are in place. Producers must plant cultivars to compete with competitor countries. Consumer preference with regard to external colour, appearance, taste and size must be the most important consideration. Although important, less consideration should be placed on production issues like yield and disease resistance. In other words the consumer needs must be met before the producers needs. With some cultivars a trade off between the requirements of consumers and producers could be possible if e.g. the cultivar is available in a period of under supply with excellent external colour, but less flavour. Refer to recommendations of grower organizations, exporters and research institutes.

14 12 a. Choice of variety or rootstock #1 Is the grower aware of the importance of effective crop husbandry in relation to mother crops (i.e. the seed producing crop)? The software programme prompts the user to look into all aspects of crop husbandry. Reasons for choices are logged and comments about specific varieties can be made. #2 Have varieties or rootstock been agreed with customers? Ability to indicate market for which a specific unit of production is destined. This is however verified in a contract between the farmer and his customer. When an orchard is established, trees should be sourced from accredited nurseries. Although the accreditation does not guarantee every individual tree, the accreditation acknowledges that the nursery follows good nursery practices. The buyer of young trees must insist that bud wood was obtained from mother trees free from pests and diseases. b. Seed quality c. Pest and Disease Resistance #1 Is there a document that guarantees seed quality (free from injurious pests, diseases, virus, and that states germination rate, variety name, batch number and seed vendor? #1 Do the varieties grown have resistance/tolerance to commercially important pests and diseases? Ability to capture information about vendor, quality and verification procedures exists in software. In addition, sample techniques and laboratory methods are also supplied for purposes of analysis. Choice of varieties captured and reasons for choice indicated. The selection of varieties available through dropdown menus indicates preferred choices. Based on industry standards and where relevant registered variety choices are available.

15 d. Seed Treatments and Dressings #1 Is the use of seed treatments justified? Not relevant to fruit crops. However, recommendations done by AVCASA representative and accepted by grower will be captured and motivated. 13

16 14 e. Nursery stock #1 Is purchased nursery stock accompanied by officially recognised plant health certification? Ability to capture certificate numbers etc. Vendor / Nursery information available through dropdown menus. #2 Are plants free of visible signs of pest and disease? Quality procedures suggested through software but do not contain actual record keeping module for this section. Reference to quality certificates can be captured in software. #3 Are quality guarantees or certified production guarantees documented? #4 Are plant health quality control systems operational for private or in-house nursery propagation? #5 Are pesticide treatments applied during the plant rearing stage recorded? Allows capturing of in-house sampling analysis and quality management. Separate module for spray programmes available.

17 15 f. Genetically modified organisms #1.1 Does the planting of GMO s comply with all existing regulations in the country of production? #1.2 Does the planting of GMO s comply with all existing regulations in the country of the final consumer? #2 Has the use of GMO cultivars been agreed with individual customers prior to planting? #3 Has the supplier informed all customers of his own developments relating to the use or production of products derived from genetic modification? Facility available in software similar to points a-e above but largely not applicable at this stage. Relevant to vegetable production where GMO s are available. Currently none in South Africa.

18 16 4. SITE HISTORY AND SITE MANAGEMENT a. Site history #1 Has a recording system been established for each field, orchard or greenhouse? #2 Has a visual identification or reference system for fields, orchard or greenhouses been established? #3Has a risk assessment been undertaken for new agricultural sites taking into account the prior use of land and the potential impact of the production on adjacent crops and other areas? #4 Does this risk assessment show the site in question to be suitable for agricultural production? #5 Is there a corrective action plan, setting out strategies to minimise all identified risks in new agricultural sites? QUALITRACK COMPLIANCE One of the first aspects of creating your data in Qualitrack requires the establishment of block (unit) identification codes. Not in the scope of the Software but field exercise. However, print-outs from Qualitrack indicate all relevant information. All potential risk factors are listed in software. However, this does not by itself guarantee that a risk assessment was done. Assessment can be done by interpretation from reports generated in Qualitrack. Information generated in Qualitrack may be used in this exercise.

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20 18 b. Rotations #1 Is there a crop rotation made on the farm? Not relevant to fruit crops. However, vegetable production pre-plant records indicate previously grown varieties. #2 In absence of crop rotation, is there a written justification for this absence? Information supplied by contract/ exporter or client.

21 5. SOIL ANDSUBSTRATE MANAGEMENT QUALITRACK COMPLIANCE 19 a. Soil mapping b. Cultivation #1.1 Have soil maps been prepared for the farm? #1.2 Are these soil maps suitable for planning rotations, planting and growing programmes? #1 Has mechanical cultivation been used where proven to improve or maintain soil structure, and to avoid soil compaction? Ability to capture all information about each production unit (block) including analysis and soil types. Pre-planting soil preparation documented in programme.

22 20 c. Soil erosion #1 Are field cultivation techniques used to reduce the possibility of soil erosion? All pre plant information available (Print report example available) d. Soil fumigation #1 Is there a written justification for the use of soil fumigants? Use of fumigants part of spray program set-up. Must be recommended by certified representative with motivation. #2 Have alternatives to chemical fumigation been explored before resorting to use of chemical fumigants. Farmers need to show evidence of research or assessments in this case.

23 e. Substrates #1 If non-inert substrates are used, are documents available to demonstrate the suitability of these substrates? #2 Does the grower participate in substrate recycling programmes for inert substrates? #3 If chemicals are used to sterilize substrates for reuse, has the location of sterilisation been recorded? #4.1 If chemicals are used to sterilize substrates for reuse, has the date of sterilisation been recorded? #4.2 If chemicals are used to sterilize substrates for reuse, has the type of chemical used been recorded? #4.3 If chemicals are used to sterilize substrates for reuse, has the method of sterilisation been recorded? #4.4 If chemicals are used to sterilize substrates for reuse, has the name of the operator been recorded? #5 When substrates are reused, has steaming been used as the preferred option for sterilisation? More relevant to undercover vegetable production. However, as before, all substrate qualities including analysis may be captured in Qualitrack software. Part of spray programme module where all activities can be captured. 21

24 22 6. FERTILIZER USE QUALITRACK COMPLIANCE FERTILISATION ph of the soil is the most limiting factor for production. The only time that ph can be rectified effectively is before planting a new orchard. The ideal ph for the soil is in the range of 6 to 7, (ph H 2 O). The lower the ph the more lime is required to rectify the ph. The type of lime to be applied will be dependant on the Calcium, Magnesium status of the soil. The amount of lime applied will determine the depth that the lime has to be mixed into the soil. At ph range 2 to 5 the micronutrients will be more available with the exception of Molybdenum (Mo). At higher levels of 5 to 7, macro elements will be more available. LEAF AND SOIL ANALYSIS The laboratory used for analysis will recommend sampling procedures. Records should be kept of analysis results showing every macro- and micro-element status. FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATIONS An expert opinion must be obtained to give suitable recommendations according to the leaf and soil analysis. The aim of this recommendation must be to improve the colour, quality and taste of the fruit without affecting production negatively. APPLICATION Records should be kept of leaf and soil analysis results, coupled to recommended application rates provided by a specialist.

25 TIMING Timing of fertilizers will depend on the type of irrigation system installed. With dry land production fertilizer application has to be timed to coincide with rainfall. If drip irrigation is installed, a programme of continuous nutrient feeding can be adopted. Timing will influence the uptake of the nutrients and must be planned according the plants phenological cycle and specific nutrient requirements. 23 TYPE The type of fertilizer used will influence the uptake of the nutrient, firstly because of the chemical composition and secondly the influence of the final broken down chemical, on the soil composition. e.g. Three different Nitrogen fertilizers could have different characteristics. The fertilizer Urea will be negatively charged and not adhere to soil particles when applied to the soil. Urea Ammonium Nitrate will be positively charged and therefore be more suitable to soil types with low clay percentages. Ammonium sulphate will influence the soil ph by causing a lower ph. CORRECT AMOUNT When dealing with soil analysis and leaf analysis, which are expressed in parts per million, it is important that the amounts of fertilizer to be applied must be correctly calculated. The amount of fertilizer applied will also be correlated to the area exposed to the uptake organs of the plant. Where fertigation is applied, it will be important to check flow rates and do analysis at opposite positions in an orchard to determine the accuracy of concentration and application rate. a. Nutrient requirement #1 Has a cropping or soil care plan been developed to ensure minimisation of nutrient loss? #2 Has the application of fertilisers been based on nutrient requirements of the crop and on appropriate routine analysis of nutrient levels in the soil, the crop or the nutrient solution? #3 Does the fertiliser application meet the needs of the crops as well as maintaining soil fertility? Based on risk analysis. Qualitrack captures information about soil condition and analysis and may be used in determining best practise. Qualitrack software furthermore supply information regarding methods of soil analysis as well as laboratories equipped to do this. Ability to use all relevant information captured in easy-to-use templates.

26 24 b. Advice on Quantity and Type of Fertiliser #1 Do growers or their advisers keep national recognised documents that demonstrate their competence to estimate quantity and type of fertiliser to use? #2.1Are recommendations for application of fertilisers given by competent, qualified advisers? #2.2 Where no competent, qualified advisers are available, has adequate training in fertiliser usage and application been undertaken? Ability to capture training and qualification of employees. In addition, only registered fertilizers are made available through drop down menus. Advice may accompany all soil sample and analysis available through the programme. Templates and methods for doing soil and leaf analysis are available in the software programme. c. Records of applications #1.1 Have all applications of soil and foliar fertilisers been recorded including field or block reference? #1.2 Have all application dates of soil and foliar fertilisers been recorded? #1.3 Have all applications of soil and foliar fertilisers been recorded including applied fertiliser types? #1.4 Have all quantities applied of soil and foliar fertilisers been recorded? #1.5 Have all applications of soil and foliar fertilisers been recorded including the method of application? #1.6 Have all applications of soil and foliar fertilisers been recorded including the operator details? Capture all applications, types, rates and methods for both soil and foliar fertilizers. The only limitation here is that the operator is not captured. However, all applications made be accompanied by an official advice document from a specialist or company.

27 25 d. Timing and frequency #1.1 Has the quantity of fertiliser applied been calculated so as to optimise benefits and minimise nutrient losses? #1.2 Has the timing of fertilise application been calculated so as to optimise benefits and minimise nutrient losses? #2 Does the quantity of applied nitrogen fall within national or international limits? #3.1 Has a nitrogen management plan been established? #3.2 Has this plan been used to calculate the quantities of nitrogen to be applied? Information should be available from fertilizer recommendations by specialist or company. Information captured in Qualitrack as to how much, when and type of fertilisers applied. Each record of application may be printed and additional comments made available on hard copies

28 26 e. Application machinery #1.1 Is fertiliser application machinery kept in good condition? #1.2 Is fertiliser application machinery calibrated annually to ensure accurate fertiliser delivery? Allows record keeping of maintenance record plus comments about reasons for maintenance. Reference can be made to invoices etc. f. Fertilizer storage #1. Are there stock records up to date and available on the farm? #2.1 Are fertilisers stored in a room separate from pesticides? #2.2 Where it is not possible to store fertilisers and pesti-cides in separate rooms, are fertilisers and the pesticides physically separated and labeled? Stock record keeping module available

29 27 #3.1 Are fertilisers stored in a covered area? #3.2 Are fertilisers stored in a clean area? #3.3 Are fertilisers stored in a dry area? #3.4 Are fertilisers stored in an appropriate manner, which reduces the risk of contamination of water sources? #4 Are fertilisers stored separate from nursery stock? #5 Are fertilisers stored separate from fresh produce? #6 Are all hazard and risk areas clearly indicated? Not applicable to Qualitrack record keeping but information supplied on how to store fertilisers available.

30 28 g. Organic matter #1 Is organic manure stored in an appropriate manner, which reduces the risk of contamination of the environment? #2.1 Is raw untreated human sewage sludge not used on the farm? #2.2 Is the use of treated human sewage sludge on agricultural land supported by data and/or recognised codes of practice that demonstrate that any potential risk is maintained at the lowest possible level? #3.1 Has manure been analysed for nutrients, heavy metals and other potential pollutants before application? #3.2 Has account been taken of the nutrient contribution of manure? #4 Is the application of organic material in open field cultivation based on a nutrient management plan?

31 7. IRRIGATION QUALITRACK COMPLIANCE 29 IRRIGATION If moisture stress is not managed properly it will be detrimental for optimal fruit set and yield. Extreme moisture stress will cause massive flowering, draining of carbohydrate reserves and poor fruitset. Marginal moisture stress may cause moderate flowering and good fruitset. Production areas with warm winter periods do make use of marginal moisture stress to induce flowering. MEASURE SOIL MOISTURE STATUS Different apparatus could be used to measure soil or plant moisture status. The most commonly used apparatus is a tensiometer. A tensiometer is a plastic tube with a ceramic head on the one side and a pressure gauge on the other side. The tensiometer is filled with water and when the pressure gauge registers a zero value the ceramic edge is placed into the soil at a specific depth and root zone. When the demand for water in the surrounding root zone increases the pressure gauge registers a negative value. Irrigation would normally commence when the reading is -30kPa. This information is normally plotted on graph paper with application rates, duration of irrigation and incidence of rainfall recorded. Normally two tensiometer are used per site to determine soil moisture stress. The tensiometers are inserted at 30 cm and 60 cm depth, which covers the root zone of producing trees. The 30 cm tensiometer reading is used to decide when to start the irrigation and the 60 cm tensiometer reading is used to stop the irrigation. DECIDE ON REQUIREMENT The amount of water required to relieve the soil moisture stress in the root zone will depend on the climatic conditions e.g. evaporative rate, wind soil type, irrigation system and managerial experience. Over watering can also be determined with the help of a tensiometer as explained in APPLY AND MEASURE AMOUNT To check an orchard irrigation system, flow meters could be used. A practical method is to dig a hole underneath a dripper and to place a bucket in the hole. If the delivery of the dripper is 4 liters per hour the bucket should hold 8 liters after a period of two hours. CHECK OPERATION OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM The person responsible to monitor the irrigation system efficiency must regularly flush the filtration system, check for drip / micro emitters that are blocked and fix broken joints or pipes where leakages occur. No sharp tools should be used to open blocked emitters as this will increase the size of the hole on the emitter and influence the flow rate of the emitter. MAINTENANCE Scorched earth management with no plants to cover the bare soil should be avoided, as this increases the chances for sand particles to blow onto fruit, creating wounds and entry points for pathogens. Soil erosion and moisture loss are encouraged by conditions where no ground cover is allowed.

32 30 a. Predicting Irrigation Requirements #1.1 Have methods of systematically predicting the crop requirement for water been utilised? #1.2 Is irrigation application calculated taking into account predicted rainfall? Recording the type and delivery of the installed irrigation system. Scheduling of irrigation not recorded in Qualitrack but may be linked electronically to the system. #1.3 Is irrigation application calculated taking into account evaporation? b. Irrigation method #1. Has the most efficient and commercially practical water delivery system been used to ensure the best utilization of water resources? #2. Has consideration been given to a water management plan to optimise water usage and reduce waste? #3. Are records of irrigation water usage maintained?

33 c. Quality of irrigation water d. Supply of irrigation water #1 Is or has untreated sewage water not been used for irrigation? #2.1 Has a risk assessment for irrigation water been completed? #2.2 Is irrigation water analysed at least once a year? #2.3 Is the analysis carried out by a suitable laboratory? #2.4 Does the analysis consider the #2.5 Does the analysis consider the chemical pollutants? #2.6 Does the analysis consider the mineral pollutants? #2.7 Have the analysis results been compared against accepted standards? #2.8 Have any adverse results been acted upon? #1.1 Has irrigation water been abstracted from sustainable sources? # 1.2 Has advice on abstraction been sought from water authorities? 31

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36 34 8. CROP PROTECTION QUALITRACK COMPLIANCE a. Basic elements of crop protection #1 Has the protection of crops against pests, diseases and weeds been achieved with the appropriate minimum pesticide input? #2 Do growers apply recognised IPM techniques on a preventive basis? #3. Has assistance with implementation of IPM systems been obtained through training or advice? Qualitrack subscribes to the principles of ICM and IPM. However, the implementation of a proper IPM program needs to be conducted in collaboration with industry and specialists. The software record keeping will reflect the spray program used during a season. IPM involves various and numerous techniques to combat disease and pest and needs to be docu-mented elsewhere. Qualitrack offer valuable tools for insect beneficial identification as well as diagnostic kits for pests and diseases.

37 b. Choice of chemicals #1 Is the utilised crop protection product appropriate for the control required? Qualitrack has a unique database that lists all relevant aspects of pests, diseases, and chemicals registered as well as diagnostic kits. 35 #2 Have selective products that are specific to the target pest, weed or disease and which have minimal effect on beneficial organisms, aquatic life, workers, consumers and the ozone layer, been used wherever possible? Only registered products on the crop in question is listed in the software database. The chemical class of all products are listed as well as pictograms indicating what precautions should be taken and type of protective clothing should be worn. #3 Has an anti-resistance strategy been adopted to avoid reliance on any one chemical? The total chemical application record is available through reports and can be substantiated. #4 Do growers only use chemicals that are registered in the country of use for the target crop where such official registration scheme exists, or, in its absence, complies with the specific legislation of the country of destination? Only registered products on the crop in question is listed in the software database. #5.1 Is a current list of all products that are used and approved for use on crops being grown, kept? #5.2 Does this list take account of any changes in pesticide legislation? Stock records and chemical dictionary available. Master lists and legislation is continually updated by Qualitrack dedicated personnel and made available through web-based technology.

38 36 #6 Are chemicals, banned in the European Union, not used on crops destined for sale in the European Union? #7Is the grower informed of restrictions on certain chemicals in individual countries where his products are being exported? #8 Has grower consulted customers to determine if any additional commercial restrictions exist re pesticides? These products would not contain MRL s and would therefore be listed as such in Qualitrack records. National as well as EU MRL s are available for all products registered in the relevant crop. N/A

39 #9 Is there evidence that label instructions have not been followed? Qualitrack have summarized recommendations e.g. dose rate and in certain cases remarks attached to each product. The label still remains the legal document governing the use of chemicals and should always be consulted. 37 c. Advise on quantity and type of pesticide #1 Have recommendations for application of pesticides been given by competent, qualified advisers holding a recognized national certificate or similar? #2 If no advisers were used, can growers demonstrate their competence and knowledge? Chemical representatives can register with Qualitrack as an AVCASA (qualification checked) accredited supplier. Qualifications are logged in the records.

40 38 #3.1 Does the quantity of spray mix calculation consider the velocity of application? Information logged per spray apparatus as well as calibration records. #3.2 Does this calculation consider the surface area to be covered? #3.3 Does this calculation consider the pressure of application system?

41 d. Records of applications #1.1 Have all the pesticide applications been recorded including the crop name? #1.2 Have all the pesticide applications been recorded including the application location? #1.3 Have all the pesticide applications been recorded including application date? #1.4 Have all the pesticide applications been recorded including the product trade name? #1.5 Have all the pesticide applications been recorded including the operator name? Qualitrack software offer all the relevant information in master lists containing active ingredients, trade names, and registered uses. In addition spray recommendations can be made and spray instructions printed. Instructions include spray operator, date of application as well as calibration information. Moreover, information regarding protective clothing, environmental impact and precautions are indicated with pictograms. 39

42 40 #2.1 Have all the pesticide applications been recorded including justification for application? #2.2 Have all the pesticide applications been recorded including the technical authorisation for application? #2.3 Have all the pesticide applications been recorded including the product quantity applied? #2.4 Have all the pesticide applications been recorded including the application machinery used? #2.5 Have all the pesticide applications been recorded including the first harvestable date? All the requested elements of a spraying operation are captured in the system and available through reports that can be printed.

43 e. Safety, training and instructions #1.1 Are workers handling and applying pesticides trained? Both employee training records as well as useful documents on safe handling of chemicals are part of the functionalities of Qualitrack software. 41 #2.1 Do clear instructions or symbols detailing the location of application accompany each application? Part of all spray instructions issued through Qualitrack system. #2.2 Is each application accompanied by clear instructions or symbols detailing the chemical dosage? #2.3 Is each application accompanied by clear instructions or symbols detailing the required application technique? f. Protective clothing / equipment #1 Are workers (including subcontractors) equipped with suitable protective clothing in accordance with label instructions and appropriate to the posed health and safety risks? Qualitrack software indicates the label requirements in each spray operation performed. The enforcement thereof remains the responsibility of the farmers and should form part of all training in safe handling procedures. #2 Are growers able to demonstrate that they follow label instructions with regard to protective clothing and equipment? Through the use of pictograms all instructions indicate the type of protective clothing that must be used with each product. #3 Is protective clothing and equipment stored separately from pesticides?

44 42 g. Preharvest intervals #1 Have the registered pre-harvest intervals been observed? One of the unique attributed of the Qualitrack software is the inclusion of all Maximum Residue Levels (MRL s) as well as recommended pre-harvest intervals for each product registered for use on the given crop. Predicted harvesting dates are used to issue a warning if pre-harvest intervals are reached.

45 h. Spray equipment #1.1 Is spray equipment kept in good condition? #1.2 Is the spray equipment calibrated annually? #2 Is the producer involved in an independent calibrationcertification scheme? #3.1 Are the handling and filling procedures stated on label instructions followed? #3.2 Has the quantity of spray mix for the crop to be treated and the proposed treatment type been calculated? #3.3 Has the quantity of spray mix for the crop to be treated and the proposed treatment type been accurately prepared? #3.4 Has the correct quantity of spray mix for the crop to be treated and the proposed treatment type been recorded? Qualitrack allows for maintenance records on all equipment. 43 As mentioned previously all the relevant information is captured and reported in Qualitrack. i. Disposal of Surplus Spray Mix #1.1 Is surplus spray mix or tank washings sprayed over an untreated part of the crop, as long as the recommended dose is not exceeded and records kept? #1.2 Are surplus spray mixes or tank washings sprayed onto designated fallow land, where legally allowed, and records kept?

46 44 j. Pesticide residue analysis #1 Is the frequency of pesticide residue analysis based on a risk assessment? #2.1 Are the residue test results traceable to the grower? #2.2 Are the residue test results traceable to the product s production location? #3 Are the grower and/or supplier able to provide evidence of residue testing? As this is an issue that frequently affects industry associations there is a tendency to coordinate this on a national level. Many farmers collaborate with their exporters to deal with testing and sampling procedures. However, one must stress that this is based on risk assessment and information available on each chemical product used. Qualitrack provides this information in an easy accessible manner and will help the farmer to conduct risk analysis. #4 Is the laboratory used for residue testing accredited by a competent national authority to good laboratory practice or equivalent standard (GLP)? #5 Is an action plan in place in the event of a maximum residue level (MRL) being exceeded?

47 k. Pesticide storage #1 Are pesticides stored in accordance with local regulations? #2.1 Are pesticides stored in a location that is sound? #2.2 Are pesticides stored in a location that is secure? #2.3 Are pesticides stored in a location that is frost resistant? #2.4 Are pesticides stored in a location that is fireresistant? #2.5 Are pesticides stored in a location that is well ventilated (in case of walkin storage)? #2.6 Are pesticides stored in a location that is well lit? #2.7 Are pesticides stored in a location that is located away from other materials? #3 Is all pesticide storage shelving made of nonabsorbent material? #4 Is the pesticide store able to retain spillage? #5.1 Are there facilities for measuring pesticides? #5.2 Are there facilities for mixing pesticides? #6.1 Are there emergency facilities to deal with operator contamination? #6.2 Are there emergency facilities to deal with accidental spillage? #7 Are keys and access to the pesticide store limited to workers with formal training in the handling of pesticides? Information available in Qualitrack that prescribe the local legislation on handling of Hazardous chemicals. In addition information is also available from the industry association AVCASA and Croplife International. 45

48 46 #8.1 Is the accident procedure evident within the immediate vicinity of the pesticide store? #8.2 Is a list of contact telephone numbers available within 10 meters of the pesticide store? #8.3 Is the location of the nearest telephone available within 10 meters of the pesticide store? #8.4 Is a list of contact telephone numbers available next to the nearest telephone? #9 Is the product inventory documented and readily available? #10 Are all pesticides stored in their original package? #11 Are only those chemicals that are approved for use on the crops produced in the crop rotation stored on the farm? #12 Are powders stored on shelves above liquids? #13 Are signs warning of potential dangers placed on access doors?

49 47 l. Empty Pesticide Containers #1.1 Are empty pesticide containers not reused? #1.2 Does disposal of empty pesticide containers occur in a manner that avoids exposure to humans? #1.3 Does disposal of empty pesticide containers occur in a manner that avoids contamination of the environment? #2 Are official collection and disposal systems used? Information about how empty containers are disposed of may be captured in the system

50 48 #3.1 Are empty containers rinsed via the use of an integrated pressure-rinsing device on the sprayer, or at least three times with water? #3.2 Is the rinsate returned to the spray tank? #4 Are containers pierced to prevent re-use and adequately labeled according to the rules of a collection system? #5 Are empty containers kept secure until disposal is possible? #6 Are all local regulations regarding disposal or destruction of containers observed? m. Obsolete Pesticides #1 Are obsolete pesticides disposed of by a certified or approved chemical waste contractor or by the supplying company?

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52 50 9. HARVESTING QUALITRACK COMPLIANCE Labourers should be taught about the importance of hygiene to themselves and the product that they are handling. Basic toilet facilities should be available for labourers. Hand washing facilities with clean water and soap should be made available at all times. Basic hygiene should be: Short fingernails Clean hands especially after visiting the toilet Clean hair with suitable head dress to cover the hair Clean clothes according to the job description a. Hygiene #1.1 Has a hygiene risk analysis been performed? #1.2 Has this risk analysis been used to establish hygiene protocol for personnel? #2 Do workers have access to clean toilets and hand washing facilities in the vicinity of their work? #3.1 Have workers received basic instructions in hygiene before handling fresh produce? #3.2 Are the workers required to notify management of any transferable disease that may render them unfit to work with products destined for human consumption? Risk assessment done elsewhere. Qualitrack may assist in identifying these risks.

53 b. Packaging on Farm #1.1 Has packaging on farm been stored so as to avoid contamination by rodent, pest, birds, physical and chemical hazards? #1.2 Where products are field packed has the product been removed from the field overnight? #2 Are reusable crates cleaned, and recleaned to ensure they are free from foreign material? 51

54 POST HARVEST TREATMENTS QUALITRACK COMPLIANCE a. Post Harvest chemicals #1 Has the use of postharvest treatments been minimised? #2 Are all label instructions observed? #3.1 Are only chemicals that are officially registered in the country of use, and for use on the crop being protected? #3.2 Are any chemicals that are banned in the European Union used on crops destined for sale in the European Union? #4.1 Is there a current list of those post harvest approved products that have been or will be considered for used on the crop? #4.2 Does this list take into account of any changes in pesticide legislation? #4.3 Is the grower or packer aware of restrictions on specific chemicals in individual countries? #4.4 Has the grower or packer consulted his customers to determine if any additional commercial restrictions exist?

55 b. Packaging on Farm #5 Is the grower or packer able to demonstrate his competence and knowledge with regard to the application of post-harvest chemicals? #6.1 Have all the postharvest pesticide applications been recorded including the crop name? #6.2 Have all the post-harvest pesticide applications been recorded including the application location? #6.3 Have all the post-harvest pesticide applications been recorded including application date? #6.4 Have all the post-harvest pesticide applications been recorded including the type of treatment? #6.5 Have all the post-harvest pesticide applications been recorded including the product trade name? #6.6 Have all the post-harvest pesticide applications been recorded including the product quantity applied? #6.7 Have all the post-harvest pesticide applications been recorded including the operator name? #7.1 Have all the post-harvest pesticide applications been recorded including justification for application? #7.2 Have all the post-harvest pesticide applications been recorded including the application machinery used? 53

56 b. Postharvest water used for product #1.1 Is the source of 54 washing washing compliance with microbiological aspects of EU regulations on water potability? #1.2 If recycled water is used for product washing, has this water been filtered? #2.1 Has a risk assessment for sources of water for post-harvest washing been carried out? #2.2 Has a water analysis been carried out? #2.3 Is the laboratory carrying out the water analysis a suitable one? #2.4 Have the results of the analysis been compared to accepted standards? #2.5 Have any adverse results been acted upon?

57 11. WASTE AND POLLUTION MANAGEMNENT, RECYCLING AND RE-USE QUALITRACK COMPLIANCE 55 a. Identification of Waste and Pollutants #1. Have all possible waste products been identified in all areas of the farm business? #2. Have all possible sources of pollution been identified? b. Waste and Pollution Action plan. #1.1 Is there a documented plan to avoid or reduce wastage and pollution, avoid the use of landfill or burning, by waste recycling? #1.2 Has this waste management plan been implemented?

58 WORKER HEALTH, SAFETY AND WELFARE QUALITRACK COMPLIANCE a. Risk Assessment s #1.1 Has a risk assessment for safe and healthy working conditions been carried out? #1.2 Has this risk assessment been used to develop an action plan to promote safe and healthy working conditions? b. Training #1 Has formal training been given to all workers operating dangerous or complex equipment? #2 Is a record of training kept for each worker? #3.1 Are workers trained in First Aid present in the field? #3.2 Are workers trained in First Aid present in the pack-house? #4.1 Do accident and emergency procedures exist? Qualitrack have access to video material and may assist in training of personnel. All training can be captured in Qualitrack software Information about safety procedures and emergency numbers are available in the #4.2 Are accident and system. emergency instructions clearly understood by all workers? #5.1 Are accident procedures visually displayed? #5.2 Are the displayed accident procedures in the appropriate language of the workforce?

59 c. Facilities and equipment #1.1 Are First Aid boxes present at all permanent sites? #1.2 Are First Aid boxes present in the vicinity of fieldwork? #2 Are hazards clearly identified by warning signs? 57 d. Pesticide Handling e. Hygiene #1.1 Do workers undertaking pesticide applications on the farm receive annual health checks? #1.2 Are these health checks in line with guidelines laid down in local codes of practice? #1 Do all permanent product packing and product storage sites have adequate pest control measures? #2 Have workers received basic hygiene training for the handling of fresh produce covering hand cleaning, skin cuts; and only smoking, eating and drinking in permitted areas? #3.1 Are the farm and premises clear of litter and waste? #3.2 Do the premises have adequate provisions for waste disposal? Qualitrack and its partners regularly offers training sessions for spray operators in safe handling of chemicals. Recoqnised certificates are issued.

60 f. Welfare #1.1 Do all employment 58 conditions comply with local and national regulations with regard to wages? #1.2 Do all employment conditions comply with local and national regulations with regard to workers age? #1.3 Do all employment conditions comply with local and national regulations with regard to working hours? #1.4 Do all employment conditions comply with local and national regulations with regard to working conditions? #1.5 Do all employment conditions comply with local and national regulations with regard to job security? #1.6 Do all employment conditions comply with local and national regulations with regard to unions? #1.7 Do all employment conditions comply with local and national regulations with regard to pensions? #1.8 Do all employment conditions comply with local and national regulations with regard to all other legal and health requirements? #2 Do growers and packers consult with their customers to ensure compliance with specific company policies regarding worker welfare? #3 Are on site living quarters habitable and have the basic services and facilities?

61 13. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES QUALITRACK COMPLIANCE 59 a. Impact of farming on the Environment. b. Wildlife and Conservation Policy c. Unproductive Sites #1.1 Does the grower understand and assess the impact his farming activities have on the environment? #1.2 Has the grower considered how he can enhance the environment for the benefit of the local community and flora and fauna? #1 Has a conservation management plan been established (either individually or on a regional basis)? #2.1 Does grower have a management of wildlife and conservation policy plan for his property? #2.2 Is this policy compatible with sustainable commercial agricultural production and minimises environmental impact? #2.3 Does the plan contemplate the undertaking of a baseline audit to understand existing animal and plant diversity on the farm? #2.4 Does the plan contemplate taking action to avoid damage and deterioration of habitats on the farm? #2.5 Does the plan contemplate the creation of an action plan to enhance habitats and increase bio-diversity on the farm? #1 Has consideration been given to the con-version of unproductive sites to conservation areas?

62 COMPLAINT FORM QUALITRACK COMPLIANCE a. Impact of farming on the Environment. #1.1 Is there a complaint document available to customers? #1.2 Does the complaints procedure ensure that complaints are adequately recorded, studied and followed up including a record of actions taken? 15. INTERNAL AUDITS QUALITRACK COMPLIANCE a. Impact of farming on the Environment. 1.1 Does the grower undertake a minimum of one internal audit per annum against the EUREPGAP Standard? 1.2.Is the internal audit documented and recorded? 1.3. Are appropriate corrective actions taken as a result of internal audit?

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64 Contact Pieter Germishuys Telephone (021) International Facsimilee (021) International