Research article IJAAER (2015); 1(2): 68-72

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1 Research article IJAAER (2015); 1(2): International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Research Free and open access Available online at ISSN (Online) RESPONSE OF MUNGBEAN (VIGNA RADIATA L.) CULTIVARS TO VARIOUS LEVELS OF PHOSPHOROUS APPLICATION IN AGROCLIMATIC CONDITION OF PESHAWAR Ahmad Khan*, Shazma Anwer and Muhammad Zahir Afridi Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan Correspondence author:: Abstract This study was aimed to help the farmers to decide whether they can reduce their costs of farming through adjustment commercial fertilizer for various varieties. Farmers need to know what fertilizer application rate they should use under their conditions for adequate productivity. In practice grain yield hardly changes with further increases in fertilizer application, once maximum yield is reached. A promising approach for overcoming poor crop yields in phosphorus (P)-deficient soils is to exploit the genetic variation among plants to grow under low P conditions. To obtain these aims an experiment was carried out at Agricultural Research Farm of NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar during Four levels of P i.e. 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha -1 on two mung bean cultivars NM-92 and NM-98 were studied in the experiment. Mung bean cultivars has significantly affected with maximum plant m -2 (195), pods plant -1 (31.94), grain pod -1 (13.31) and grain yield (844.9). The cultivar NM-98 performed better than the NM-92. Phosphorous application has affected and has maximum 1000 grain weight (46.45), grain yield (858.2 kg ha -1 ) and biological yield (4595 kg ha -1 ). Increased in fertilizer has increased these parameters up to some extent and a decreasing trend was observed beyond 60 kg ha -1 phosphorous application. Regarding yield 89% variations was accorded by the phosphorous application. The phosphorous application rates of 80, 120, and 160 kg ha -1 showed 9, 12, and 9.5%, increase in grain yield over control (0 kg P ha -1 ), respectively. Based on the above facts it is concluded that mungbean cultivar NM-98 applied with 60 kg P ha -1 was better in terms of yield and yield components and may be recommended for cultivation in agro-climatic condition of Peshawar. Key words: Mungbean, cultivar, phosphorus, yield and yield components INTRODUCTION Mung bean ( Vigna radiata L.) ranks second to chickpea among grain legumes grown in Pakistan (Anonymous, 2004). Mung bean is an important pulse crop in many Asian countries including Pakistan. It is grown mainly for its edible seeds, which are cooked, fermented, roasted, sprouted, or milled. In Pakistan, mungbean seeds like other pulses or split in a mill, sprouted from husk and then cooked as dal. Mungbean is high in protein, digestible, and does not cause flatulence that many other legumes do. Seed ( Malik, 1994). Its seed contains 24.7% protein, 0.6% fat, 0.9%fiber and 3.7% ash (Potter and Hotchkiss, 1997). Mung bean being leguminous in nature, improve soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen to available form through bacterial symbiosis. In Pakistan mungbean yielded 975 kg ha -1 (MINFAL, ), which is very low as compared with other countries. The low yield may be

2 hypothesis for the low production technology of the barley crop. There are many factors and conditions that impact plant nutrient needs. The use of fertilizer is considered to be one of the most important factors to increase crop yield on per unit basis. The application of phosphorus to mungbean has been reported to increase dry matter at harvest, number of pods plant -1, seeds pod -1, 1000 grain weight, seed yield and total biomass (Naeem et al. 2000). Lateef et al. (1998) found that mungbean ge notypes varied in yield as response to phosphorus application and mungbean genotypes differed significantly for plant height and number of branches plant -1, and greatest number of pods. Similarly, Khan et al. (2002) obtained a linear increased trend in total biomass, straw yield and grain yield of mung bean with increasing the rates of phosphorous fertilizer. Legumes have a high phosphorus requirement for growth (Gill et al., 1985), and also for nodulation and nitrogen fixation (Olofintoye, 1986). Phosphoru s deficiency, common in tropical soils, is therefore a major factor contributing to poor nitrogen fixation and yield of legumes, and P fertilization results in improved growth (Ogata et al., 1988). Being a legume crop it requires less nitrogen but application of phosphorus plays a vital role in getting high yield per unit area. Published research work has been predominantly invaluable for obtaining a solid conclusion from the work in progress. In region of the world like Pakistan where the technology is still being not developed to fulfill the public demand. The basic works for higher production justify the use of higher rate of fertilizer applications and selection of better varieties of mungbean to test the hypothesis for improved production. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to investigate the effect of phosphorous on yield and yield components of mung bean cultivars an experiment was carried out at Agricultural Research Farm of NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar during The experiment was planted in randomized complete block design and replicated four times. Two Mung bean cultivars (NM 92 and NM 98) were evaluated under four levels of Phosphorous [i.e. 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P ha - 1 ]. A net plot size of 9 m 2 having 10 rows 3 m long and spaced at 30 cm was maintained in the experiment. Seedbed was prepared at proper moisture conditions and a basal dose of 20 kg N per hectare was applied as Urea (46 % N). The phosphorous fertilizer was applied at the time of seed bed preparation as single supper phosphate (18 % P 2 O 5 ) where as Irrigation was applied when required. The data were recorded on: plants m -2, pods plant -1, grains pod -1, 1000 grain weight, grain yield and biological yield. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance appropriate to RCB design. Upon obtaining significant difference, least significant difference (LSD) test was used for comparison among the treatment means (Steel and Torrie, 1984). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Plants m -2 : Statistical analysis of the data pertaining to plants m -2 revealed that cultivars have significantly affected plants m -2, where as phosphorous application have no effects (Table 1). Plants m -2 was greater in plots sown with mung bean cultivar NM-98 (195) as compared to NM-92 (175). The variation might be addressing to the genetic make up or the environmental suitability of the cultivar. The results are in line with Khan et al., (2003). The variation in plants m -2 recorded in plots applied with different Phosphorous levels was although not significant, yet plants m -2 was increased from (175) recorded in control plots to (193) for 90 kg ha -1 phosphorous application. This narrow variation showed that plants emergences are basically depends on the genetic make up of a variety rather than the addition of fertilizer. Number of pods plant -1 : Data recorded on pods plant -1 showed no significant variation both for two mung bean cultivars as well for the different phosphorous levels (Table 1). Mung bean cultivar NM-98 produced (31.94) pods plant -1 as compared to (30.81) produced by NM-92, although the difference was non-significantly different. The non-significant variation between the two cultivars might be attributed to the genetic potential of the cultivars and/or the cultivars and environment introduction. Similarly, highest and statistically similar numbers of pods per plant (31.50) were produced in plots where P 2 O 5 was applied at the rate of 60 kg ha -1, as 69

3 compared to the other levels. These non-significant variation might be due the fact that the phosphorous applied to the plots was either not absorb by the plants to produce significant variation or the phosphorous applied was not in quantity to create significant variation. This might be further depending on the ability of roots to absorb P, the active lifetime of roots, and the amount of root per unit of shoot (Fohse et al., 1988). Number of grains pod -1 : Perusal of the data revealed that both mung bean cultivars produced different grains pod -1 (Table 1). Highest grains pod -1 (13.31) was recorded with mung bean cultivar NM-98 as compared to NM-92 (11.81). Differences in the physiological P use efficiency (PPUE) might be one of the reason for species and cultivars grains pod -1 variation, the relationship between PPUE and ability to grow at different P concentrations at different periods is not simple (Sanginga et al., 1991). Fertilizer application increased the number of seeds pod -1, but the variation was not up to the mark statistically. The highest grains pod -1 (13.0) was recoded in plots applied with 60 kg P ha -1 as compared to others levels of the phosphorous. The narrow differences between the numbers of seeds per pod suggested that this parameter is controlled more genetically then environmentally grain weight: Mung bean cultivars produced seed of the same weight. The cultivars responded in similar fashion in 1000 grains weight (Table 1). Fertilizer application statistically increased 1000 grains weight in all the plots over control plots. Application of P at the rate of 60 or 90 kg ha -1 resulted in (45.83 and g ), respectively, where as controlled plots resulted in minimum 1000 grains weight (45.67 g). Increased in 1000grains weight at higher rates of P applied might be due to some metabolic pathway leading to more assimilation/ accumulation of photo assimilates in seeds of the mungbean crop. These results are in line with Tariq et al., (2001). Grain yield: Grain yield is the ultimate output of any crop under study and depend upon various factors such as soil nutritional status, environmental factor and plant genetic makeup. Grain yield was significantly affected by both mung bean cultivars as will as phosphorous levels (Table 2). Greater grain yield (844.9 kg ha -1 ) was recorded by cultivar NM-98 as compared to (804.8 kg ha -1 ) by NM-92. The differences might be accorded with the genetic potential or subsequent greater yield contributing parameters i.e. plants m -2, grain pod -1 etc as previously reported by Malik et al. (2002). These results are in line with the finding of Borah (1997). Fertilizer application have significantly increased grain yield over control. A 9, 12, and 9.5 % increase in yield was observed by 30, 60 and 90 kg P ha -1, respectively over control, and 89 % variation in yield was attributed by different phosphorous application (Fig 1). A similar trend in boast up in yield with the addition of P fertilizer was also reported Lateef et al. (1998). Moreover, Lateef et al. (1998) are of the view that increasing P application rate increased mungbean grain yield however, the response to fertilizer was different among different cultivars. Biological yield: Biological yield data of mung bean cultivars as affected phosphorous application rate are given in Table 2. Statistical analysis of the data showed that phosphorous application had significantly affected biological yield of the mung crop. According to mean values non-significantly greater biological yield of (4551 kg ha -1 ) was recorded in the plots seeded with NM-92 cultivars as compared to (4518 kg ha -1 ) by NM-98. Addition of fertilizer had increased biological yield from (4437 kg ha -1 ) recorded in control plots to (4595 kg ha -1 ) recorded in plots applied with higher dose of phosphorous i.e. 90 kg ha -1. The higher dose of fertilizer has probably delayed maturity in crops and improved vegetative growth by providing a balance levels synchronized nitrogen availably. These results are in line with El-Kramany et al. (2001) who reported that mungbean growth and total dry matter production was higher in plots treated with P fertilizer (either from organic or inorganic source) as compared to control. Phosphorus fertilizer helps the crop to produced more seed and other reproductive parts that ultimately contributed to total biological yield and other yield components. Our results are confirmed by the findings of Ali et al. (2015) 70

4 Table 1. Response of plant m -2, pods plant -1, grain pod -1 and 1000 grain weight (g) of mung bean cultivars to phosphorous Mung bean varieties Plant m -2 Pods plant -1 Grain pod grain weight (g) NM a b b NM b a a Phosphorous levels (kg ha -1 ) b a b ab LSD 0.05 NS NS NS Mean followed by same letter(s) in each category is not significant statistically using LSD test (p < 0.05). Table 2. Response of grain yield (kg ha -1 ) and biological yield (kg ha -1 ) of mung bean cultivars to phosphorous P levels (kg ha -1 ) 0 Mung bean cultivars Mean % increase over Mung bean cultivars NM-92 NM-98 control NM-92 NM-98 Grain yield (kg ha -1 ) Biological Yield (kg ha -1 ) c c b de 4486 cde c a a bc 4556 bc 4562 a ab b a a 4349 e 4544 a b b a cd 4680 a 4595 a Mean b a Grain yield LSD value for Phosphorus levels (p< 0.05) = Grain yield LSD value for Phosphorus x Mung bean cultivar (p< 0.05) = Biological yield LSD value for Phosphorus levels (p< 0.05) = Biological yield LSD value for Phosphorus x Mung bean cultivar (p< 0.05) =154.3 Mean followed by same letter(s) in each category is not significant statistically using LSD test (p < 0.05). Mean 4437 b Grain yield (kg hā 1 ) R 2 = Phosphorous levels (kg ha -1 ) Fig 1. Relationship between grain yield and phosphorous application rates in agro-climatic condition of Peshawar 71

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION From the preceding results and discussion, it may be concluded that Mung bean cultivar NM-98 sown at the phosphorous level of 60 kg ha -1 showed best results. It is recommended that seed of cultivar for higher productivity of mungbean in agroclimatic condition of Peshawar. Our results conform the finding of the previous researcher. As a general rule the higher fertilizer rate up to some extent result in better production of crop based on the optimum inputs availability. It is clear that mungbean cultivar NM-98 applied with 60 kg P ha -1 showed better performance than all other rates. The production technology used for various mungbean applied with phosphorous seems to be better. These facts explained in the earlier chapters led us to recommend mungbean cultivar NM-92 applied with 60 kg P ha -1 for higher productivity in climatic condition of Peshawar. It is also recommended that more work in the subject would be carried out under different management factor to exploit the potential and feed the community for healthier life. REFERENCE MINFAL Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan, Govt. of Pakistan., Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Economic Wing, Islamabad, Borah, H.K., Yield variation in summer Green gram with respect to effective flower production in different dates of sowing. Madras J. Agric., 84: El-Kramany, M. F., A. A. Bahr, A. M. Gomaa Response of a local and some exotic mungbean varieties to bio- and mineral fertilization. Acta Agronomica Hungarica. 49(3): Fohse, D., N. Claassen, and A. Jungk Phosphorus efficiency of plants. Plant and Soil 110, Gill, M. A., N. Ali, and M. M. Nayyar Relative effect of phosphorus combined with potash and Rhizobium phaseoli on the yield of Vigna aureus (mung). J. Agric. Res. 23, Khan, M. B., M. Asif, N. Hussain, and M. Aziz Impact of Different Levels of Phosphorus on Growth and Yield of Mungbean Genotypes. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 2 (9): Khan, M. A., M. Aslam, T. Sultan and I. A. mahmood Response of phosphorous application on growth and yield of inoculated and un-inoculated mungbean (vigna radiate L.). Int. J. Agric. and Bio. 4(4): Lateef, E.M., T.G. Behairy, and N.I. Ashour Effect of phosphatic, potassic fertilization on yield and its components of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Wilczek Varieties. Arab, Uni. J. Agri. Sci., 6: Malik, B A. Economic importance and utilization of mungbean Crop Production Sciences. Pp In Nazir, S. (ed). National Book Foundation Islamabad, Pakistan. Malik, A. M., S. Hussain, E.A. warraich, A. Habib, and S. Ullah Effect of seed inoculation and phosphorous application on growth, seed yield and quality of mungbean (vigna radiate L.) CV. NM.98. Int. J. Agric. and Bio. 4(4): Naeem, M., S. Ahmad and Z. A. Cheema Yield of mungbean as affected by different durations of weed competition under high phosphorus status. Int. J. Agric. and Bio. 2(1-2): Ogata, S., J. Adu-Gyamfi, and K. Fujita Effect of phosphorus and ph on dry matter production, dinitrogen fixation and critical phosphorus concentration in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.), Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 34, Olofintoye, J. A Cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) response to different levels of phosphorus and nitrogen in the Guinea savanna of Nigeria. Phil. Agric. 69, Potter, N.N. and J.H. Hotchkiss, Food Sci. CBS Publishers, New Delhi India, PP: 403. Sanginga, N., G. D. Bowen, and S. K. Danso Intraspecific variation in growth and P accumulation of Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepiurn as influenced by soil phosphate status. Plant and Soil 133, Steel, R.G.D. and J.H. Torrie, Principles and procedures of Statistics. 2 nd Ed. McGraw-Hill International Book Co., Singapore, P: Tariq, M., A. Khaliq, and M. Umar. (20 01). Effect of Phosphorus and Potassium Application on Growth and Yield of Mungbean ( Vigna radiata L.). Online Journal of Biological Sciences 1 (6):