Management of nutrients and water

Transcription

1 IAEA-TECDOC-1026 XA _ :»-V Management of nutrients and water

2 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Soil and Water Management and Crop Nutrition Section Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. BoxlOO A-1400 Vienna, Austria MANAGEMENT

3 The IAEA does

4 FOREWORD Sustainable food security is needed for the arid and semi-arid regions of the tropical, subtropical

5 In preparing this publication EDITORIAL NOTE

6 CONTENTS SUMMARY... 1 Water and nitrogen in crop and pasture systems in southern Australia... 3 J.F. Angus, M.B. Peoples, A.F.

7 Research SUMMARY

8 WATER

9 2. BENCHMARKING WATER AND NITROGEN USE 2.1. Water A remarkable convergence

10 ja Rainfall (mm) FIG

11 Figure

12 breakdown

13 Soil water content (g/g) 0 Soil water suction (MPa)

14 '(a) CD c O 2 12 (b) 11 c 10 Q. C 'a O Applied

15 2400 Pasture 03.c en o o CO

16 New Growth WSC Protein (A W(0 o 5 E S o o Low Nitrogen (0 n WSC ~ Protein OQ E Structural

17 5. YIELD DECREASE

18 [7] RICHARDS, R.A., Crop improvement

19 THE MANAGEMENT OF NUTRIENTS AND WATER IN THE WEST AFRICAN SEMI-ARID TROPICS XA A. BATIONO International Fertilizer Development Center/ International Center

20 2.

21 TABLE II. TEXTURAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SOILS IN SEMI-ARID REGIONS

22 TABLE ffl. LOSSES OF N, P, AND K PER COUNTRY, IN 1983 [5] Country Arable area (x!0 3 ha) Fallow area (%) N P (kg ha' 1 of cropland) K Benin 2, Burkina Faso 6, Cape Verde n/a Cameroon 7, Gambia Ghana 4, Guinee 4, Guinea-Bissau n/a Cote d'lvoire 6, Liberia Mali 8, Mauritania Niger 10, Nigeria 32, Senegal 5, Sierra Leone 1, Togo 1,

23 3.1. Nitrogen Soil

24 70 lotal Nitrogen

25 TABLE

26 1IH Sadoro Tara Bangou Mtogw Iml [kgfti) Nllrog.n liv*l (kg/hi) FIG.

27 SADORE GOBERY BENGOU 500 i a u Phosphorus applied (kg P205/ha) Phosphorus applied

28 TABLE VI. MILLET GRAIN YIELDS BY TREATMENT (3 YEARS) [21] Treatment Yield (kg ha 1 ) Control

29 TABLE

30 3000 Control -*- Fertilizer+manure - -Fertilizer FIG.

31 5. WATER

32 to TABLE Vm. RECOVERY OF 32 P WITH DIFFERENT METHODS OF FERTILIZER-P APPLICATION TO PEARL MILLET, SADORE, NIGER, 1989

33 TABLE DC. EFFECTS OF ROCK BUNDING AND SORGHUM VARIETY ICSV 1002 ON GRAIN YIELD IN FARMERS' FIELDS IN FOUR VILLAGES IN TWO AGROCLIMATIC ZONES, BURKINA FASO, 1985 Agroclimatic zone Sudanian Guinean Kplbila Ononon Koho Sayero Nurriber

34 5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500 5^3,000

35 TABLE

36 ~ 1200 ioooh O) 2 > 800H _c a O) o> =

37

38 [32] TRAORE, M.F., Etude de la fumure minerale azotic intensive des ceieales et du r61e specifique de la matiere organique dans

39 [61] RODRJGUEZ, M.S., "Agronomic practices for reducing drought stress and improving maize grain yield in the semiarid tropics

40 MANAGEMENT OPTIONS TO INCREASE SOIL ORGANIC MATTER AND NITROGEN AVAILABILITY XA

41 1.9 -i No-till Year FIG.

42 most crop residues are used as feed. The traditional practice of fallowing (i.e. set asides with volunteer growth) used in semi-arid east Africa to replenish soil fertility is rapidly decreasing due to limited availability of land [10]. Also, in many cases, this practice, which resembles bare fallowing, reduces

43 to

44 advantages with intercropping

45 decision-makers from the farm to regional levels, it emphasizes the use of easily accessible input data. Users also have access to a simple utility that changes some key parameters, thus allowing recalibration of the model to a particular environment. SOCRATES was designed specifically to estimate changes in surface soil organic C as influenced by crop, pasture and legume rotations, N fertilizer addition, disease, grazing intensity

46 increases required to feed the rapidly expanding global population. The organization has always been at the international forefront in combining the physiological, agronomic and economic aspects of agriculture

47 treatments to evaluate possible tradeoffs between water and N. These data then allow the refinement of simulation models. Even without this information immediately available,

48 [28] JONES, R.B., WENDT, J.W., "Contribution of soil fertility research to improved maize production by smallholders in eastern

49 SOME CIRAD ACTIVITIES AND PERSPECTIVES IN WATER AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN ARID AND SEMI-ARID REGIONS USING NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES XA

50 2. COUPLED STUDIES In

51 intercropping, crop-residue retention, increased plant cover,

52 characterization of nitrogen supply

53 REVISED

54 review and update were undertaken of the crop coefficients in light of the newly defined concept for the reference crop. This paper provides

55 TABLE I. Climatic data required for the FAO evapotranspiration methods [1] Method Temperature Humidity Wind Speed Sunshine Evaporation FAO Blaney Griddle

56 TABLE

57

58 standardize the use of the FAO Penman-Monteith method, additional studies have been undertaken to provide recommendations when limited meteorological data

59 R s = ( ^

60 [16] ALLEN, R.G., Evaluation of Procedures for Estimating Grass Reference Evapotranspiration Using Air Temperature Data Only, Report 1 submitted to FAO/AGL, Rome (1995). [ 17] TETENS, O., Uber einige meteorologische begriffe, Z. Geophys. 6 (1930) [18] JENSEN, M.E., Estimating Mean Monthly Solar Radiation for Use in FAO Temperature Method, Report 1 submitted to FAO/AGL, Rome (1994). [19] van de WEERT, R., Evapotranspiration Estimates from Rainfall, Report 1 submitted to FAO/AGL, Rome (1994). Available upon request through

61 LIST

62 Moutonnet, P Pala, M Smith, M Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agnculture. IAEA, Wagramerstrasse 5, PO Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria ICARDA, PO Box 5466, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic AGLW, FAO, Viale delle Terme

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