Mara Russell Food Security & Livelihoods Practice Area Manager April 7, 2011

Transcription

1 The Interface of Livestock, Climate Change, and Food Security: Building resilience in Southern and Western Zambia through community based livestock production and marketing Mara Russell Food Security & Livelihoods Practice Area Manager April 7, 2011

2 Outline Linking livestock, climate change, and food security Building resilience Building an economic growth program that includes climate change adaptation Climate change predictions for Southern & Western Zambia Integrating Holistic Management practices Lessons & Challenges Anticipated Outcomes

3 Productive asset Sale of animal products Off-spring Traction Manure for soil improvement Manure as fuel source Hoof Account Form of savings for time of need (crop failure, illness) Method of savings for larger purchases Savings for celebrations Human Nutrition Milk Eggs Blood Meat Livestock & Food Security

4 Livestock for Climate Change Adaptation Weather predictions Temperature increase: o C to 2100* Overall global increase in precipitation. Variable frequency, intensity, duration, and location of precipitation Changes in frequency intensity, duration and location of extreme weather events Impacts of changes 10-20% increase in crop losses by 2050 Higher rates of evaporation & evapo-transpiration Change in pest & disease vectors Shifts in agro-ecological zones Variable growing seasons: timing and length Increase in soil erosion/top soil loss Increasing competition for arable land Human migration Infrastructure loss from extreme weather (floods) * IPCC, 2007 Range based on fossil fuel consumption rates and varying models

5 Livestock for Climate Change Adaptation Role of Livestock in CC Adaptation Safety net for increased risk experienced by agriculturalists Resource available year round Diversity of breeds/species suitable to diverse climates. Inputs & Outputs for better farm productivity Fodder production Manure use Grazing practices Income for improved seed Year round or off season income Livelihood for landless and urban population Increasing demand Drivers: Urbanization, population growth, increasing incomes Production from developing nations Recipe for opportunity or for disaster

6 Livestock Contribution to Climate Change Livestock Contribute 7.1 billion tonnes CO2 equivalent or 18% of total anthropogenic GHG emissions CO 2, N 2 O, CH 4 Contributing factors Land use and Land Use Change : 36% Feed Production: 7% Animals: 25% Manure Management: 31% Processing and Transport: 1% 3.4 billion hectares used for pasture ~ 26% of emerged lands 470 million hectares used for feed-crop production ~ 33% of arable land Extensive production systems Common livestock production system in SSA Low emissions per unit area High emissions per production unit Low inputs, relative low outputs Low conversion ratio Poor breeds Poor inputs Intensive production systems Increasingly used globally High emissions per unit area Low emissions per production unit

7 Seshake District Kazungula District Zambia Community Livestock Goal Build Resilience of vulnerable households Kazungula & Sesheke districts by restoring their livestock production capacity and livelihood asset base Approach: Goat production & marketing Improved marketing & market access Improved land management Improved animal health

8 Two asset-losing natural disasters in 3 years 2006 Contagious Bovine Pleuro-Pneumonia (CBPP) outbreak 2007/08 multi-seasonal flooding Multi-prong Approach: Alternative livelihood Alternative production system: Animal health Project Rationale

9 Climate Change Predictions* Current Situation Dry Season: September November o C Average no precipitation Winter: June August C Rainy Season: October April mm per month Recent Trends Temperature increases 0.29 o C per decade Average addition of 43 hot days Decrease in mean annual rainfall average rate: 1.9mm per month (2.3%) per decade CC Predictions (GCM) 1.2 to 3.4 C by 2060s & 1.6 to 5.5 C by 2090s Rate of warming expected to be higher in Southern & Western Zambia (i.e. project area) Precipitation: No change in amount Increase in intensity mainly December February & March - May * Data from:

10 Holistic Management. is a decision-making process that helps people make decisions that are socially, economically, and environmentally sound Livestock can be used to mimic the role these herds once played in maintaining ecosystem health, which is what the holistic grazing planning process was designed to do. - Africa Centre for Holistic Management

11 Holistic Management within ZCL Integration of HM principles into livestock production activities Objective: Increase community capacity for and practice of sustainable rangeland management Approach Training of regional livestock officials Training of Community Livestock Workers Coordination with Goat Producer/Marketing Groups to develop grazing plans Address from a production/productivity perspective (labour saving, maintenance of animal body condition, restoration of water supplies)

12 Lessons Learned & Challenges (to) Overcome Strong farmer interest Farmers not unfamiliar with practices HM needs animals Be flexible Understanding Land Tenure systems Importance of all governance structures HM requires time

13 Anticipated Outcomes Improved livelihoods More resilient More productive Increase HH income Improved Awareness of rangeland opportunities Secondary benefits Improved crop yields

14 Thank You