CLIMATE CHANGE AND LAND MANAGEMENT

Transcription

1 Regional workshop on Climate Change and Food Security in ASEAN+3 countries March 2011, Beijing CLIMATE CHANGE AND LAND MANAGEMENT IN ASEAN+3 COUNTRIES RAJENDRA SHRESTHA Associate Professor ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Thailand

2 Presentation Outline Land use change and Land degradation Climate change impacts Land management strategies for CC mitigation/ adaptation Policy of SLM relevance Barriers and enabling environment

3 Asian Institute of Technology An international-multicultural institute CoE on Sustainable Development in the context of climate change MSc in Climate change and Sustainable Development Number of CC research ABC EI manual SLM RSI for Asia [ TNA RC for CC mitigation and adaptation [ Bangladesh, Cambodia, Georgia, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Bhutan, Nepal, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, Kazakasthan, Moldova, Azerbaijan] Prioritized technologies, TFS, Policy synthesis

4 Employment by sector, (%) Notes: *ASEAN regional figures exclude Myanmar. The starting and ending years are 2000 and 2006, respectively, except for Cambodia (2000, 2005); Lao PDR (1995, 2003). Sources: ILO (2008)

5 Arable land and Agricultural contribution to GDP Country Arable land (%) Agriculture contribution of GDP (% GDP)** Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar 14.9 n.a. Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Source: * **ASEANstats (2007). n.a.- not available

6 Land use change SUMATRA, INDONESIA acres

7 Land Degradation: Severity of Human-induced Degradation Countries Total area ( 000 km 2 ) None (%) Light (%) Land degradation Moderate (%) Severe (%) Very Severe (%) Cause Type Brunei A,D P,C,W Cambodia D W Indonesia 1, D,A W,C Lao PDR D W Malaysia D,A W,C Myanmar D,A W,C Philippines D W Singapore n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a Thailand D,A W,C Viet Nam D,A W,C L e g e n d: Cause: A = agriculture; D = deforestation. Type: P = physical deterioration; C = chemical deterioration; W = water erosion. n.a.- not available. S o u r c e : FAO/AGL - TERRASTAT

8 Land Degradation: due to Agriculture Activities Countries Degraded land due to agriculture activities Total area ( 000 km 2 ) Total Severe Very Severe ( 000 km 2 ) (%) (%) Brunei Cambodia Indonesia 1, Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore n.a n.a n.a n.a Thailand Viet Nam S o u r c e : FAO/AGL - TERRASTAT

9 Land Use and Carbon Emission Pg C yr Africa Latin America S. & SE Asia SUM Land use change accounts for 15% 20% of global GHG emissions, and as much as 75% of Southeast Asia s emissions. agriculture constituted 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic emissions in Pg C y -1 (17% total emissions)

10 Estimated historical and projected N 2 O and CH 4 emissions in the agricultural sector during the period

11 CC Vulnerability in SE Asia IPCC assessment Table Sector High Moderate Biodiversity Coastal ecosystems Food and fibre Land degradation Water resources Settlements

12 Impacts of CC on agriculture Impacts Cambodia 1) Indonesia 2) Laos Malaysia 3) Myanmar Philippines 2) Singapore 2) Thailand 3) Viet Nam 4) Loss of arable land n.a n.a n.a n.a Decreased soil fertility n.a n.a n.a n.a Decreased crop productivity n.a n.a n.a Over cultivation n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a Severe droughts and floods Spread of harmful pests n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a = presence; n.a. = not available; Sources: 1) UNFCC-report (2002); 2) UNFCC-report (1999); 3) UNFCC-report (2000); 4) UNFCC-report (2010)

13 SLM SLM: a knowledge based combination of technologies, policies and practices that integrate land, water, biodiversity, and environmental concerns (including input and output externalities) to meet rising food and fiber demands while sustaining ecosystem services and livelihoods. enhance economic viability and social acceptability maintain or enhance production and services SLM reduce the level of production risks (World Bank, 2006) protect the potential of natural resources and prevent degradation of soil and water quality (Wood and Dumanski, 1994).

14 Evolution of SLM systems No-till farming 1. Eliminate plowing 2. Use residue mulch 3. Chemical need control Conservation agriculture 1. No-till farming 2. Complex crop rotation (cover crops, agroforestry) 3. Integrated nutrient management 4. Water conservation, harvesting and recycling SLM Systems 1. Conservation agriculture 2. Judicious land use 3. Adaptation to climate change 4. Mitigation of climate change 4. Enhance soil/ecosystem/s ocial resilience 1960s 1990s 2000s WB, 2010

15 Agricultural ecosystem Smith et al. 2007b

16 Strategies for Mitigation of and Adaptation to CC WB, 2010

17 Strategies for adaptation to CC in Cropland

18 Reducing risk of CC through adaptive measures WB, 2010

19 Policies [of SLM relevance] Country Cambodia Indonesia Institution and agriculture policies development of new high yielding varieties improvement of crop management and cultural practices development of early warning system for extreme climatic events development of maps showing the rice-growing provinces prone to flood and drought increasing planting index in suitable areas diversification of foods development of field schools (climate; integrated plant management; integrated pest control) new superior varieties of rice usage of organic farming on paddy field build improved water storage dissemination of compost-making devices monitoring of flood and drought on paddy fields adjustment of planting calendar Sources: 1) UNFCC-report (2002); 2) UNFCC-report (1999); 3) UNFCC-report (2000); 4) UNFCC-report (2010)

20 Policies [of SLM relevance] contd. Country Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Institution and agriculture policies rainfall management: dams and evaporation control cropping pattern adjustment based on early warning systems Urban Redevelopment Agri-food and Veterinary development Integrated Pest management (IPM) improved water management through soil aeration and periodic drainage of paddy fields incorporation of pre-fermented farm residues in organic matter amendment use of sulfate-containing nitrogen fertilizers in mineral fertilization use of chemical compounds to inhibit the production of methane; adopt climate change-suited cropping patterns. plant breeding to create new varieties more adaptable to the changing climate. adopt efficient water management methods. Sources: 1) UNFCC-report (2002); 2) UNFCC-report (1999); 3) UNFCC-report (2000); 4) UNFCC-report (2010)

21 Constraints of Policy relevance regarding CC and SLM Issues Indonesia 1) Laos Myanmar 1) Philippines 1) Singapore 2) Thailand 1) Viet Nam 1) Institutional weakness n.a n.a Lack of awareness on CC n.a n.a n.a n.a Financial constraints n.a n.a Lack of manpower and expertise Lack of proper data on land management issues n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a No updated policies n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a Sectoral conflicts n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a Improper land use policy and planning n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a Centralized power n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a = presence; n.a. = not available; Sources: 1) 2 nd UNCCD report, 2002; 2) 3 rd UNCCD report, 2006

22 Barriers to CC and SLM Lack of mainstreaming of LD and CC concerns into national development planning Development frameworks are usually not based on what the land can actually sustain (no land capability consideration) and lack an integrated approach Development plans maximize sectoral benefits, often at the cost of other sectors; e.g. mono-cultures Economic growth policies often contradict long-term environmental concerns; e.g. unsustainable land use practices leads to accelerated erosion Technological limits; Financial barriers; Social/cultural barriers Lack of capacity for SLM Individual = local land users lack access to innovations; expertise is limited; new tools are not disseminated Institutional = sectoral divisions, overlapping mandates, under-funding, weak extension services, land tenure Systemic = policy disincentives; legal constraints (especially land tenure, land use regulations)

23 Land degradation severity in the GMS Vegetation cover Water use efficiency Runoff Soil loss Degradation class Laos Myanmar Vietnam Cambodia Thailand Yunnan, China GMS total % of country s area Shrestha and Roy, 2008 Very severe Severe Moderate Slight None Country total area ( 000 sq.km.)*

24 Landusewise C contribution, and biomass & soil C Prasae watershed, Thailand Land-use Area (%) Contribution to total C (%) Contribution of BMC (%) Ratio BMC:SC Cassava Coconut Coconut-cassava Eucalyptus Mixed orchard Paddy Para rubber Pineapple-cassava Pineapple Sugarcane-cassava Sugarcane Total Total C Tg [BMC 42%, SC 58%] Gnanavelrajah et al. 2008

25 Planting data adjustment of Soybean Northern Thailand Experiments (germination %, seed vigor, protein and oil content, yield) Variety tested (MJ ; CM ; CM 60) Research result (CM 60) is being implemented in upper north of Chiangmai (contract seed growers) and lower north Phrae province (Seed network) Usual length of growing period in the area 15 Dec - 15 Jan Observed changed growing period For grain production (15 Nov - 5 Jan) For seed production (15 Nov - 25 Dec) Planting date is changed by before days Source: Wannasai et. al., 2011

26 Enabling Land Management Constraints (Biophysical) Constraints (Biophysical) Constraints (policy/ Institutional) Constraints (technological, etc.) Constraints (policy/ Institutional) Constraints (technological, economic, etc.) Land use/management decisions Land use/management decisions Information on local impacts, mitigation and adaptation potential (promising technological options) Promoting co-benefits of land use and land management Policy towards removing barriers of SLM Enabling environment (Capacity building, technical knowledge, Financial resources)

27 Thank you all and also FAO, CAAS, WMO, ASEAN Rajendra Shrestha, PhD