Response of summer mungbean to sowing time, seed rates and integrated nutrient management

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1 Legume Research. 38 (3) 2015: Print ISSN: / Online ISSN: AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE Response of summer mungbean to sowing time, seed rates and integrated nutrient management Rakesh Kumar*, Bidyut C. Deka and S.V. Ngachan ICAR RC for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre, Jharnapani , Nagaland, India. Received: Accepted: DOI: / ABSTRACT A field experiment was carried out at Agricultural Research Farm of ICAR RC for NEH Region, Jharnapani in summer seasons of 2010 and 2011 to assess the effect of sowing time, seed rates and integrated nutrition on yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake, quality and soil health of mungbean. Results revealed that yield attributes, yield, N, P and K uptake of mungbean was recorded significantly higher in 5 th April than April 15 th sown crop. However, yield attributes, yield, N, P and K uptake of mungbean was noted markedly higher with seed rate of 35 kg/ha, which was significantly superior to 20, 25 and 30 kg/ha. Similarly, application of 50% RDF+50% RDN+PSB produced significantly higher yield attributes, yield, N, P, K uptake by mungbean. Key words:, Seeding rates, Seed yield, Summer mugbean. INTRODUCTION Pulses are the second most important food crops after cereals and are the main source of vegetable protein. Mungbean is grown in different seasons and cropping systems due to its shorter growth duration and less sensitivity to photoperiod and thermal variation. The cultivation of mungbean during summer season gains wider acceptance with the availability of new varieties for additional income, improvement in soil fertility and efficient land utilization (Dodwadia and Sharma, 2012). is one of the most important non-monetary agronomic factors for realizing the yield potential of improved varieties as its helps in achieving complete harmony between vegetative and reproductive stages of the crop. Sowing of the crop at optimum time therefore, play a key role in obtaining the high seed yields (Rathore et al., 2010). Further to obtain high seed yield of the crop, the use of optimum seed rate is essential. Optimum seed rate is a key factor to get the proper plant population, which inturn, influence the seed yield of mungbean considerably. In intensive agriculture, integrated nutrient management takes care of both crop nutritional needs as well as soil fertility leading to enhanced the yield output through judicious consumption of inorganic nutrients in the system. In recent years, organic farming is considered as an important component of environmentally sound sustainable agriculture. The beneficial effect of enriched compost such as vermicompost in improving both soil fertility and crop *Corresponding author s rakeshbhu08@gmail.com. productivity is well documented. However, the information on the requirements for an appropriate combination of nutrients through various sources viz. bio-fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers and organics in summer mungbean is meager. Therefore, there is an urgent need to reduce the usage of chemical fertilizers and in turn increase the usage of organic manures which are known to improve the physico-chemical properties of soil and supply the nutrient to the plants. Similarly, usage of biofertilizers is very essential because in soluble phosphate which not directly available to plant usually comprises per cent of the total soil phosphorus (Kumar and Uppar 2007). Hence, mungbean is often grown on marginal land and is generally supplied with sub-optimal doses of fertilizers in local varieties leading to low productivity of the crop. Balanced and efficient fertilizer application, combining inorganic, organic and biofertilizers are essential for realizing higher yield and reducing the cost of production in mungbean. Keeping this in view, a field experiment was conducted to test suitable sowing time, seed rates and integrated nutrient management under foot hill conditions of Nagaland in North East India. MATERIALS AND METHODS Field experiment was conducted during the summer seasons of and at Agricultural Research Farm of ICAR RC for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre Jharnapani. The experimental site was located at N latitude and E longitude with a mean altitude of 281 m above mean sea level. The soil of the experiment was

2 Volume 38 Issue 3, sandy loam type having a ph of 5.3. The organic carbon content was high (0.93%), low in available nitrogen ( kg/ha), potassium (140.0 kg/ha) and medium in available phosphorus (12.40 kg/ha).total rainfall of and mm was received in crop growing period between April to June during and , respectively. The experiment was laid out in split-split plot design with three replications. The two sowing dates (April 5 th and April 15 th ) were kept in main plots, four seed rates (20, 25, 30 and 35 kg/ha) were allotted in sub-pot and three nutrient management sources (control, 100% RDF and 50% RDF+50% RDN+PSB) were assigned in the sub-sub plots. The nutrient dose of 100% RDF given through fertilizers (20 kg N and 40 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 ) were applied as basal through DAP and urea. The 50% RDN was given through vermicompost and seed treated with PSB before sowing of crop. Seed and straw were dried, processed and analyzed for N, P and K content and nutrient uptake. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in plant sample were determined by Kjeldahl method (Jackson, 1973), Vandomolybdo-phosphoric acid yellow colour method (Jackson 1973) and flame photometer (Bhargava and Raghupati, 1993), respectively. Nutrient uptake in seed and straw were calculated by determining the nutrient concentration in relation to dry matter production. Protein content in seed (%) was worked out by multiplying the nitrogen content in seed with Protein harvest (kg/ ha) was determined by multiplying the protein content with seed yield. The soil organic carbon (SOC) available N, P and K were determined in soil as per standard procedure. Data recorded were analyzed as per analysis of variance technique for double split plot design. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect of weather: The weather conditions prevailing during the crop season was found to be more or less conducive. The results of the present investigation indicated in general that temperature was normal but amount of rainfall and relative humidity varied appreciably from the normal during the crop growth period. It is well known fact that each crop species has definite range of temperature for different growth stages. Beyond the upper and lower threshold of temperature, the metabolic activity proceeding germination is reduced. Protinase activity during germination for supplying energy to germinating and developing plant is controlled by appropriate temperature. In the present study, the meteorological data depicted in Fig.1 showed that marked variation in weather condition in two years of experimentation. Rainfall received in was quite high as compared to Further, the temperature particularly at reproductive phases of both the crops was more conducive FIG 1: Monthly rainfall and mean temperature in two growing seasons of the experimentation in second year. This resulted in slightly better performance of the crops during than Effect of sowing date: The yield attributes viz. number of pods/plant, pods weight/plant, weight of seeds/plant and pod length (cm) and number of seeds/pod were significantly influenced by sowing time. The April 5 th sown crop gave significantly higher yield attributes as compared to crop sown in April 15 th. The seed yield also significantly highest was noted with sowing time of April 5 th which was higher 20.5 per cent as compared to April 15 th sown crop. Higher seed yield realized in case of April 5 th sown crop because of higher number of pods/plant and number of seeds/pod associated with a stronger sink. Under the late sown conditions of April 15 th, plants, however, could not accumulate the sufficient photosynthesis due to poor vegetative growth (Singh et al., 2010). However, N, P and K uptake by seed as well as straw and their total uptake significantly influenced by sowing time (Table 2, 3 and 4).The maximum values of these content and uptake were recorded under 5 th April sown crop than April 15 th. Protein harvest was also significantly higher was observed with the April 5 and in term of per cent 23.2, when compared to April 15 th sown crop. Effect of seed rate: The highest pods/plant, pods weight/ plant and seed weight/plant were recorded in 20 kg/ha of seed rate which was significantly higher over 35, 30, and 25 kg/ha. At higher seed rate, no. of pods/plant, pods weight/ plant and seed weight/plant were decreased due to competition among the plant for resources like nutrient, moisture, light and space. However, number of pods/plant recorded on 25, 30 and 35 kg/ha was statistically on par with each other. The highest number of seeds/pod were recorded in 20 kg/ha seed rate, which were significantly higher than rest of the seed rates. The seed rate of 25, 30 and 35 kg/ha on par to each other. It might be due to overcrowding of the plant at higher seed rates (Table 1). From the data, the highest seed yield was recorded in 35 kg/ha seed rate, which was significantly superior to 20, 25 and 30 kg/ha seed rate. However, the seed yield of mungbean increased with increasing

3 350 LEGUME RESEARCH TABLE 1: Yield attributes and yield of summer mungbean as influenced by sowing time, seed rates and integrated nutrient management (Pooled data of two years). Treatment No. of Pods weight/ Weight of Pod No. of Test Seed yield pods/plant plant (g) seeds/plant (g) length (cm) seed/pod weight (g) 5 th April b b b b b a 1217 b 15 th April a a a a a a 1009 a SE m CD (P=0.05) NS c b c a b a 987 a b b b a a a 1040 b a a a a a a 1173 c a a a a a a 1251 d SE m CD(P=0.05) NS 0.39 NS 42 Control a a a a a a 905 a 100 % RDF b b b b b b 1067 b 50% RDF+ 50% RDN+PSB c c c c c c 1367 c SE m CD (P=0.05) Whereas RDF=Recommended dose of fertilizer through NPK through inorganic fertilizers; RDN= N through vermicompost the seed rates. This might be due to significantly higher dry matter production and number of pods under higher plant density. Further, the higher dry matter production might have resulted in a larger source for photosynthesis and thereby more translocation of photosynthates to sink (Verma et al., 2011). Among the seed rates, treatments with seed rate of 20 kg/ha recorded significantly higher N content in seed as well as straw, which were statistically on par with 25 kg/ha seed rate (Table 2). This seed rates also noticed the higher protein content and protein harvest, which were comparable to 25 kg/ ha and significantly superior to 30 and 35 kg/ha. However, the maximum N uptake by seed and straw was recorded with seed rate of 35 kg/h, which was significantly higher than 30, 25 and 20 kg/ha. The maximum uptake of N by the crop was recorded with the seed rate of 35 kg/ha followed by 30 kg/ha and the lowest under 20 kg/ha. However, P and K uptake by seed as well as straw recorded significantly higher with seed rate TABLE 2: N content, uptake, protein content and protein harvest of summer mungbean as influenced by sowing time, seed rates and integrated nutrient management (Pooled data of two years). Treatment N content (%) N uptake Total N uptake Protein Protein harvest Seed Straw Seed Straw content (%) 5 th April 3.67 a 1.16 a b b b b b 15 th April 3.59a 1.10 a a a a a a SE m CD (P=0.05) NS NS b 1.17 b a a a b a b 1.14 b a a a b a a 1.11 a b a b a b a 1.10 a c b c a c SE m CD(P=0.05) Control 3.49 a 1.08 a a a a a a 100 % RDF 3.59 b 1.13 b b b b b b 50% RDF+ 50% RDN+PSB 3.81 c 1.19 c c c c c c SE m CD (P=0.05)

4 Volume 38 Issue 3, of 35 kg/ha as compared to 20, 25 and 35 kg/ha (Table 3 and 4). Effect of integrated nutrient management: The yield attribute parameters viz. number of pod/plant, pods weight/ plant, weight of seeds/plant, pod length, number of seed/pod and test weight were significantly influenced by integrated nutrient management (Table 1). Application of 50% RDF+50% RDN+PSB produced higher yield attributes, which was significantly superior to control and 100% RDF. This could be attributed to the fact that added fertilizers enhanced the availability of these nutrients to plants. This might have resulted in profuse shoot and root growth and thereby activating greater absorption of these nutrients from soil and improved the growth, yield attributes and finally seed yield of blackgram (Goud and Kale, 2010). The highest seed yield was observed with the application of 50% RDF+50% RDN+PSB, which was significantly superior 100% RDF and control. Influence of integrated nutrient management was significant in case of N, P and K content in seed as well as straw and their uptake by crop. Application of 50% RDF+50% TABLE 3: P and K content and their uptake of summer mungbean as influenced by sowing time, seed rates and integrated nutrient management (Pooled data of two years). Treatment P content (%) P uptake Total P uptake K content (%) K uptake Seed Straw Seed Straw Seed Straw Seed Straw Total K uptake 5 th April a a 5.28 b 3.04 b 8.32 b 2.01 a 1.18 a b b b 15 th April a a 4.02 a 2.79 a 6.81 a 1.96 a 1.12 a a a a SE m CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS a a 4.35 a 2.84 a 7.18 a 2.01 a 1.17 a a a a a a 4.37 a 2.85 a 7.22 a 2.00 a 1.16 a a a a a a 4.83 b 2.94 a 7.77 b 1.97 a 1.13 a b b b a a 5.05 c 3.05 b 8.10 c 1.95 a 1.12 a c b b SE m CD(P=0.05) NS NS NS NS Control a a 3.47 a 2.49 a 5.96 a 1.90 a 1.06 a a a a 100 % RDF b b 4.39 b 2.85 b 7.24 b 1.99 b 1.14 b b b b 50% RDF+ 50% RDN+PSB c c 6.09 c 3.41 c 9.50 c 2.06 c 1.23 c c c c SE m CD (P=0.05) TABLE 4: Soil health as influenced by sowing time, seed rates and integrated nutrient management in summer mungbean (Pooled data of two years). Treatment ph EC SOC OM Available N Available P Available K (ds/m) (%) (%) 5 th April 5.04 a a 0.93 a 1.60 a a a a 15 th April 4.98 a a 0.91a 1.56 a a a a SE m CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS a a 0.97 a 1.67 a a a a a a 0.92 a 1.58 a a a a a a 0.90 a 1.55 a a a a a a 0.89 a 1.53 a a 9.88 a a SE m CD(P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS Control 4.82 a a 0.84 a 1.44 a a 8.75 a a 100 % RDF 5.00 b b 0.94 b 1.62 b b b b 50% RDF+ 50% RDN+PSB 5.20 c c 0.98 c 1.69 c c c c SE m CD (P=0.05)

5 352 LEGUME RESEARCH RDN+PSB recorded maximum N, P and K content in seed and straw and their uptake, which was significantly higher over the control and 100% RDF (Table 2, 3 and 4). This might be due to balanced supply of nutrients under this fertility levels favoured the root proliferation by stimulating cellular activities and translocation of certain growth stimulating compounds to roots. Thus, the extensive root system development with balanced fertilization along with organic in adequate amount would have assisted the efficient absorption and utilization of other nutrients (Sutaria et al., 2010). Since uptake of nutrients is a function of their content and yield, increase in seed and straw yield along with higher content of nitrogen might have resulted in higher uptake of nitrogen in the crop. During the years of study, ph, EC, organic carbon (OC), organic matter (OM), available N, P and K were influenced significantly due to nutrient management. The application of 50% RDF+50% RDN+PSB improve the soil ph, EC, OC, OM, available N, P and K when compared to control and 100% IN. Thus, the study suggests that summer mungbean crop sown on 5 th April with seed ra te of 35 kg/ha along with combined application of integrated nutrient sources viz., 50% RDF+ 50% RDN+PSB (50% N through vermicompost and bio-fertiliz ers is beneficial in ter ms of crop productivity, nutrient uptake and also for soil health under Eastern Himalaya condition. REFERENCES Bhargava, B.S. and Raghupati, H.B.C. (1993). In: Methods of Analysis of Soil, Plant, Water and Fertilizers. [H. L. S. Tandon (Ed.)] FDCO, New Delhi, pp.: 41. Dodwadia, K.S. and Sharma, A.R. (2012). Effect of tillage and methods of sowing on performance of greengram (Vigna radiata) varieties during summer and rainy season. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 82 (5): Gaud, V. V. and Kale, H. B. (2010). Productivity and profitability of pigeonpea under source of nutrients in rainfed condition of Central India. J. Food Legumes 23 (3&4): Jackson, M.L. (1973). Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of India Ltd., New Delhi, pp Kumar, S.H.A. and Uppar, D.S. (2007) Influence of integrated nutrient management on seed yield and quality of mothbean [Vigna acontifolia (Jacx.) Marchel)]. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 20(2): Rathore, S.S., Dshora, L.N. and Kaushik, M.K. (2010). Effect of sowing time and fertilization on productivity and economic of urdbean genotypes. J. Food Legumes 23: Singh, G., Sekhon, H.S., Hari Ram., Gill, K.K. and Sharma, P. (2010). Effect of date of sowing on nodulation, growth, thermal requirement and seed yield of kharif mungbean genotypes. J. Food Legumes 23 (2): Sutaria, G. S., Kabari, K.N., Vora,V.D., Hirpara, D.S. and Padmani, D. R. (2010). Response of legume crops to enriched compost and vermicompost on Ustochrept under rainfed Agriculture. Legume Research 33 (2): Verma, C.K., Yadav, R. B., Dhyani, B.P. and Tomar, S.S. (2011). Effect of seed rates and foliar spray of urea on performance of blackgram (Vigna mungo) varieties. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 81 (9):