AGROECOLOGY, FAMILY FARMING AND PUBLIC HEALTH

Transcription

1 AGROECOLOGY, FAMILY FARMING AND PUBLIC HEALTH Weaving ideas and building intersectoriality in Food Security and Nutrition policies in Brazil Claudia Job Schmitt CPDA/UFRRJ Catia Grisa PPGDTSA/UFPel 4th Annual LCIRAH CONFERENCE June 3 rd and 4th 2014 Birbeck College, London

2 1. Agriculture, food and nutrition in the Brazilian context 2. Research questions 3. Agroecology, family farming and public health: an analysis of five policy instruments 4. Building intersectoriality: advances and challenges

3 1. Agriculture, Food and Nutrition in the Brazilian Context Reduction of poverty and income inequality, during the last decade. 6.5 million people under extreme poverty in 2012 (R$ 70,00 per capita, according to the Brazilian poverty line, established in 2011) From 10 to 15 million people under poverty, depending on the poverty line adopted (IPEA, 2013) Brazilian population - Demographic Census, 2010) Urban Rural TOTAL ,36% ,64% % Source: IBGE, 2011

4 Graph 1: Population under poverty: rural and total (%) Source: (Neri et al, 2012)

5 Graph 2: Inequality in Brazil Gini Index Source: (Neri et al, 2012)

6 Food Security and Nutrition Improvements in the prevalence of stunting in children under 5 (indexes are still high in the North and Northeast regions) (CONSEA, 2011) High prevalence of overweight and obesity (teenagers and adults). 54,7% of the men and 47,4 of women above 20 are overweight in 2013 (MS/Vigitel, 2013). Obesity reaches 18% of the women and 16% of the men above 20 (MS/Vigitel, 2013). Child obesity grew 1.000% in the last 40 years reaching 39% of the

7 The Agricultural Sector in the Last Two Census From 1995/1996 to 2006/2007 (IBGE) - Crop area grew from 37 million ha to 46,2 million ha - Production had a positive percentual variation of 79% (73,6 million tons to 131,7 million tons) - Grain yield per hectare went from kg per ha to kg per ha - Changes in agricultural export values from US$ 13,8 billion in 1995 to US$ 36,9 billion Agricultural exports are an important element in Brazilian macroeconomic policy: positive balance of US$ 82 billion in 2013 (MAPA, 2014) Business agriculture remains as a strong coalition in the National Congress

8

9 Family farm sector: 84% of production units, 24% of the land, 12,3 million people working in agriculture 84% 16% Family farms Non family farms 76% 24% Family farms Non family farms Source: IBGE, 2006

10 Family farming and business agriculture: public investments 2002/2003 and 2014/2015 R$ R$ R$ R$ R$ R$ R$ 80.0 R$ 60.0 R$ 40.0 R$ 20.0 R$ 0.0 R$ 21.7 R$ 24.1 R$ Family farming Business agriculture Source: BRASIL, 2002 and 2014 Contribution of family farming to food production Source: IBGE, 2006

11 Degradation of soil and water resources Soil erosion in Brazil: (600 million tons. a year, according to EMBRAPA s estimates

12 Pesticide consumption, agricultural production and fertilizer consumption Pesticides (million liters) Cultivated area (million ha) Fertilizers (10 thousand tons According to estimates soil losses in Brazil can reach 500 million Source: ABRASCO, 2012

13 Key role of family farming for food security and nutrition The agricultural model based on commodity exports is highly dependent on the productivity of natural resouces. Exploitation of land, water and biodiversity rent-seeking Food quality matters Food policies in Brazil can be addressed in a perspective of ecological public health (Lang, Barling and Caraher, 2009) Agroecology is a new perpective, under construction

14 Agroecology : a science, a set of practices and a social process of change Core principles of agroecology: recycling nutrients and energy on the production site, rather than introducing external inputs; integrating crops and livestock; diversifying species and genetic resources in agroecosystems over time and space; focusing on interactions and productivity across the agricultural system, rather than focusing on individual species; social and ecological sustainability beyond the farm. Knowledge intensive, combining scientifica knowledge and local knowledge

15 2. Research questions Implementation in Brazil, since the 1990 s, and particularly since 2003, of different policies and programs that try to address food security and nutrition Connections established, in different policies and programs, between FNS and family farming Formulation, in the last two years (2012) of a National Program of Agroecology and Organic Production

16 FOCUS Influence of new ideas and concepts in public policy Institutionalization of ideas Social actors and policy networks Limits and possibilities of intersectoriality (possible links between agroecology, family farming and health) Background: National Policy of Food Security and Nutrition, National Plan Qualitative comparison between five different policy instruments: : (i) the Food Acquisition Program; (ii) the National School Meal Program; (iii) the National Policy of Food and Nutrition (coordinated by the Ministry of Health); (iv) the National Policy of Integral Health of People from the Grasslands and the Forest; and (v) the National Policy of Agroecology and Organic Production.

17

18 3. Agroecology, family farming and public health: an assessment of five different policy instruments 2011 National Plan of Food and Nutrition Security National School Meal Program 1955/1993 Ministry of Education National Policy of Food and Nutrition 1999 Presidential level Food Acquisition Program 2003 Intercectorial, Ministry of Social Development National Policy of Integral Health of People from the Grasslands and the Forest National Policy of Agroecology and Organic Production 2011 Ministry of Health 2012 Ministry of Health

19 FAMILY FARMING Formulation and implementation of new policy instruments PRONAF Specific credit program for family agriculture 1995 PNAPO National Policy of Agroecology and Organic Production 2012 PGPM Bio Minimum Price Policy for biodiversity /sociodiversity products 2008 PNAE National School Feeding Program (restructuring) 2009 PAA Food Acquisition Program 2003 Mais Alimentos Credit line for agricultural machinery and farm implements 2008 PNB Family farmers were included in the Nacional Biodiesel Program 2004 Lei / 2006 Family Farm and Family Enterprises Law Ministry of Agrarian Development Citizenship Territories 2008 PRONAT National Program of Sustainable Rural Territories 2004 PNATER National Policy of TA and Extension Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture 2004 e 2009 SEAF Family Agriculture Insurance Program 2005 PGPAF Family FarmPrice Guarantee Program 2006 * Law /2003 Organic Production Law

20 Food and Nutrition Security Creation of the National Food Security Council (CONSEA) under President Itamar Franco 1993 National Plan of Food and Nutrition Security Extinction of CONSEA under President Fernando Henrique Cardoso 2005 Organic Law of Food Security and Nutrition 2006 Brasil Sem Miséria Plan 2011 Right to Food included in the Brazilian Constitution 2010 Lauching of Zero Hunger Program and recreation of CONSEA at Presidential Level President Lula 2003 Bolsa Família Cash Transfer Program ,8 million families in 2013

21 Health, Food Security and Nutrition and Family Farming ( ) First Conference of Food and Nutrition 1986 Política Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição 1999 Renewing of PNAN 2011 National Policy of Integral Health of People From the Grasslands and the Forest 2011

22 POLICY OR PROGRAM GOALS AND FOCUS National Policy of Food and Nutrition 1999 National School Feeding Program Reformulated in 2009 Food Acquisition Program 2003 National Policy of Integral Health of People from the Grasslands and the Forest 2011 National Policy of Agroecology and Organic Production 2012 To work within the National Health System. Organize nutritional attention and care; promote healthy and adequate food; monitor food and nutrition indicators; food safety, research, participation; social control. Supply of school meals to the public education network(44 miillion students in 2013). Innovation: 30% of the spending, at state and municipal level, should be used to buy food from family farmers. The program also regulates the quality of food provided thorugh school meals. Preferencial purchase and price premium for agroecological and organic products To link family farm production to social programs through different schemes of purchase and distribution. (aproximately family farming units a year). Price premium of 30% do agroecologial and organic products. Work within the National Health System. Access of people from the grassland na the forest to health attention. Risk reduction (organization of labor, pestices and other contaminants). Integrate actions and policy instruments in the transition to agroecology and organic production.

23

24 Interplay of atores and ideas in the formulation of the Food Acquisition Program Grisa, 2012

25 4. Building intersectoriality: advances and challenges Pivotal role of civil society networks and organizations in the strenghtening of Food Security and Nutrition FNS PUBLIC ACTION: policy makers + construction of different public arenas. State-Society interfaces Interaction between new concepts and ideas and the established institutional framework (convergences and gaps) Strong political actors are important but skilled actors, with the knowledge and capability to circulate within different worlds are very important Recognition of the specificity of family farming and its positive connections with health and the environment The construction of the National Policy of Food and Nutrition Security, National Council of Food and Nutrition and National Plan as a key element in the support of different policies and programs