IPNI Southeast Asia Program

Transcription

1 IPNI Southeast Asia Program Overview: Potassium Management in Oil Palm Plantations Oberthur, Donough, Sugianto, Lim & Tan Advances in Potassium Research For Efficient Soil and Crop Management

2 IPNI Southeast Asia Program Overview: Potassium Management in Oil Palm Plantations 1. Palm Oil and Potassium in Asia 2. Potassium in Oil Palm Plantations 3. IPNI Potassium Related Research

3 1 Palm Oil and Potassium in Asia

4 Palm Oil and Potassium in Asia Crude Palm Oil Production Malaysia CPO, Million Tons USDA (2016) > to to to 25 > 25 Philippines Thailand India PNG Indonesia

5 Palm Oil and Potassium in Asia Potassium in Fresh Fruit Bunch Production Removed K 2 O 550 Applied K 2 O 775 FFB FFB 118,000 91,055 Required K 2 O 1,834 Deficit ha t of K 2 O Balance K 2 O -1,059 Removed K 2 O 385 Applied K 2 O 989 Required K 2 O 1,284 Deficit ha t of K 2 O Balance K 2 O -295 Removed K 2 O 43 Applied K 2 O 47 FFB 9,160 Required K 2 O 142 Deficit ha t of K 2 O Balance K 2 O tons of FFB and K 2 O FFB: USDA (2010/11 CPO converted to FFB at 20% OER) Applied K 2 O: Heffer, IFA (2013)

6 Potassium in Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) Production Potassium in Fresh Fruit Bunch Production Nutrient Export & Soil K Mining Deficit ha t of K 2 O Balance K 2 O -1,059 Deficit ha t of K 2 O Balance K 2 O -295 Deficit ha t of K 2 O Balance K 2 O tons of FFB and K 2 O FFB: USDA (2010/11 CPO converted to FFB at 20% OER) Applied K 2 O: Heffer, IFA (2013)

7 Potassium in Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) Production Potassium Demand Forecast for 2025 in Million Tons Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, PNG, Philippines 2016 FFB production Nutrient removal values Fertilizer Use Efficiency CAGR 1997 to 2016 to estimate 2025 FFB, CAGR: USDA (CPO converted to FFB at 20% OER) Nutrient removal: IPNI, literature FUE: 48%, +15 increase in 2025

8 Potassium in Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) Production Potassium Demand Forecast for 2025 in Million Tons Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, PNG, Philippines K Removed K in Fertilizer

9 2 Potassium in Oil Palm Plantations

10 Potassium in Oil Palm Plantations 300 Uptake of Nutrients in a Typical Plantation kg per hectare and year K N Mg P Years after planting Source: Ng, Representation of data from original work by Ng & Thamboo (1967) and Ng, Thamboo & de Souza (1968). Shown as Figure 2 (pg 198) in Ng (1977) Oleagineux 32(5)

11 Potassium in Oil Palm Plantations K Balance for 30 t FFB Ha / Year Demand Supply Balance Kg ha year Kg ha year Kg ha year Kg ha year Kg ha year Trunk Shell + Fibre EFB POME Fertilizer FFB excl S+F Env. Loss Rainfall +EFB, POME Source: Ng P, Chew PS, Goh KJ, Kee KK, 1999, Nutrient Requirements and Sustainability in Mature Oil Palms - An Assessment, The Planter; Vol. 75, No. 880

12 Potassium in Oil Palm Plantations K Nutrient Application Rates in Kg per Ha / Year Range 170 to 330 Average 215 IPNI 6,000 ha trial 183 to 254

13 Potassium in Oil Palm Plantations K Nutrient Application Rates in Kg per Ha / Year 136 to 148 palms / ha Rates from 2.5 to 4.5 kg MOP per palm

14 Potassium in Oil Palm Plantations Contribution of Soil to K Uptake in % Alluvial Soils Source: Teoh KC & Chew PS, K in the oil palm ecosystem Sedentary Soils Selangor Series 64 to 73 0 to 30 Munchong Series Briah Series 56 to to 39 Kuantan Series 28 to 44 Malacca Series

15 Potassium in Oil Palm Plantations FFB Response to K in t per ha / year Alluvial Soils 12 trials Source: Foster et al PORIM Occasional Paper Number 15 Sedentary Soils 17 trials With K Without K Difference With K Without K Difference High Avg Low

16 3 IPNI Potassium Related Research

17 IPNI Research: Fine-tuning K Management Nutrient Uptake in KG per Ton of FFB CURRRENT DATA USED BY OP INDUSTRY Malaysia (DxD) Malaysia (DxP) Sumatra (DxP) Unfertilized Sumatra (DxP) Optimal Rate Sumatra (DxP) Estate Rate IPNI REVISION 2015 Full Rate, Blend in 4 Splits Full Rate, Straights 80% Rate, Blend in 4 Splits 80% Rate, Straights Unfertilized Source Malaysia (DxD) data by Ng & Thamboo (1967) Malaysia (DxP) data by Tarmizi & Tayeb (2006) Sumatra (DxP) data by Prabowo & Foster (2006)

18 IPNI Research: Fine-tuning K Management Improving Monitoring of Crop K Status %K in Frond#17 Best Management Practices Estate Management Practices

19 IPNI Research: Fine-tuning K Management Where Do All Nutrients Go: K in Oil (Gram per Ton CPO) Source Whole FFB 3,840 Initial Crush CPO 1,103 Final Mill CPO <10 Donough et al Plant Nutrients in Palm Oil. Better Crops Vol. 100 (No. 2)

20 IPNI Research: Sustainability of K Management Developing Performance Indicators NRI K Nutrient Use, in kg per ha removed by produce and immobilized in plant RET Recovery Efficiency #1, in % total nutrient uptake per kg nutrient applied REF Recovery Efficiency #2, in % kg nutrient uptake per kg fertilizer nutrient applied PFP Partial Factor Productivity, in kg per ha kg yield per kg nutrient applied

21 IPNI Research: Sustainability of K Management Developing Performance Indicators K Rate NRI RET REF PFP Blend Straights Blend Red Straights Red

22 IPNI Research: Return on Investment in K Fresh Fruit Bunch Yield in t per ha Understanding the Importance of Harvest Labor Fruit is grown but not harvested Only with enough labor, all fruit is harvested Expected yield level Harvest Man days

23 IPNI Research: Return on Investment in K Understanding the Importance of Harvest Labor 6 Indonesian regions 6 Large plantations 4 Years of data

24 IPNI Research: Return on Investment in K Understanding the Importance of Water Stress Correlation Water Deficit to Yield Months of Fruit Development Before Harvest 1 Large plantation 4 Years of data 12 Commercial Blocks

25 IPNI Southeast Asia Program Advances in Potassium Research For Efficient Soil and Crop Management Thank you.

26 Potassium in Oil Palm Stress factors (biotic) Photosynthesis Water regime Protein synthesis K Respiration Enzyme activation Cell elongation Phloem export of photosynthates

27 Potassium in Oil Palm Systems FFB 160 kg Kernels 7 kg 25 year cycle Felled palms, fronds and roots 1900 kg Increment 120 kg Trunk and leaves 1800 kg Inner cycle Inflorescence, rainfall, leaching, litter fall, pruned fronds 290 kg Pruned fronds and cover crop 80 kg EFB 63 kg POME 30 kg Shell, fibre 39 kg Boiler ash Outer cycle Loss on combustion Roots 110 kg Flow to roots 570 kg Exchangeable K 1150 kg Non-exchangeable K 9500 kg Source: Leaching, runoff 28 kg Corley and Tinker, 2015, based on Henson, 1999

28 Potassium in Oil Palm Systems FFB 160 kg Kernels 7 kg Felled palms, fronds and roots 1900 kg Increment 120 kg Inflorescence, rainfall, leaching, litter fall, pruned fronds 290 kg Pruned fronds and cover crop 80 kg EFB 63 kg POME 30 kg Shell, fibre 39 kg Boiler ash Loss on combustion Roots 110 kg Flow to roots 570 kg Leaching, runoff 28 kg Source: Corley and Tinker, 2015, based on Henson, 1999

29 Issue: Sustainability of Nutrient Management Intensification and Environment

30 Unprecedented Fast Growth (Data by USDA) CPO production in tons per hectare Harvested area in million hectares / / / / / / / / /2016 Indonesia Malaysia