First-and Second-Order Adaptation to Salinity and Water Logging: Case of Coastal Embankment in Satkhira District of Bangladesh

Transcription

1 First-and Second-Order Adaptation to Salinity and Water Logging: Case of Coastal Embankment in Satkhira District of Bangladesh Md. Hafiz Iqbal PhD Researcher, Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) Session 11: RESILIENT LIVELIHOOD 9 January 2018 Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB) 1

2 Introduction Impact Coping Corresponds with Immediate; related to hazard impacts during the disaster or crisis Directly related to the hazard: damage and losses; immediate consequences Corresponds with Adaptation Medium and long-term reorganization; adjustment, changes in institutions required Change Turning point-different development path than before Source: Adapted from Birkman(2011), Birkman et al.(2010a) and (2009) 2 2

3 Introduction Comprehensive adaptive programs are essential to protect climate and human induced hazards Natural hazards First order adaptation (Coastal embankment project since 1960s) Water logging and accumulation of salinity Second order adaptation for restoration & resilience of livelihood 3

4 Introduction Coastal Embankment Project (CEP) & first order adaptation o 1566 km long 37 polders and 282 sluice gates were constructed in Khulna, Satkhira and Jessore districts in o It aimed to solve the flood problem of the coastal areas(ifi Watch Bangladesh 2006). o Its purpose was to convert the seasonally flooded coastal wetlands into reclaimed land for permanent agricultural production. o It also aimed to protect human settlements from the cyclone, tidal surge and associated floods, saline water intrusion etc. What lacked in CEP? o No consideration of spatial geo-physical set up of coastal region. o Denaturing the nature without considering the Anthropology of climate change. o No consideration of local perception and natural indigenous adaptation practices. 4

5 Introduction These pictures speak a lot 5

6 Introduction The aftermath of CEP as first order adaptation The cumulative effects of the first order adaptation sparked the second order impacts Rivers sited up and failed to maintain natural courses Internal drainage congestion and heavy external siltation aggravated water logging chronic water logging led to environmental,social and economic degradation Salinity intrusion degraded the agricultural productivity and livelihood patterns Second order adaptive measures are highly required for restoration of the normal livelihood, building resilience and enhance coping capacities 6

7 Objectives RO1: To access the cost-benefits analysis under the second order adaptation with respect to Net Return Analysis & Benefit Cost Ration Analysis RO4: To development of approach of management strategy guided by second order adaptation. 7

8 Study Area (Satkhira District) 0 o N to E to89 15 N Altitudes E Longitudes 8

9 Water & soil salinit y (ds/m) Study Area (Satkhira District) 35 Figure : Levels of salinity under the polder area Satkhira district for different month of Water salinity( ECw) Soil salinity ( ECe) January February March April May June July August Month (Source: Calculated by the Author based on the data from Khulna SRDI, 2012) 9 9

10 Methodology Net Return Analysis GM ( GR TVC)...( i) NR ( GR TC)...( ii) Whwer, n GR P Q...( iii) i 1 qi i TC TFC TVC...( iv) Benefit Cost Ratio BCR TR TC...( v) The farm is treated as a profitable farm if the value of BCR>1 10

11 Methodology Data Collection Secondary source In-depth interview FGD 11

12 Result & Discussion Floating garden Table: Economic benefits of growing vegetables in the floating garden for a year under the provision of 2 nd order adaptation Indian Spinach Red Spinach Coriander Leaves Tomato Plant Yield (kg)/0.16 acre 5,000Kg 1,000 Kg 250Kg 50,000 PCs Cost (Tk.)/0.16 acre Tk.10, Tk.10, Tk.10, Tk.10, Income/0.16 acre Tk.25, Tk.20, Tk.30, Tk.35, Profit (Tk.)/0.16 acre Tk.14, Tk.9, Tk.19, Tk.24, BCR 2.38>1 1.90>1 2.86>1 3.33>1 Note. Rate of exchange (ROE) at 28 August, 2017: US$ 1= Tk Tk.: Stands for Taka (Bangladeshi currency). (Source: Author s calculation) 12

13 Result & Discussion Case aquaculture Table : Economic benefit of shrimp cultivation based on the cage system for a year under the provision of second-order adaptation Shrimp cultivation based on the cage system Production/ha 283 Kg Cost/ha Tk. 43, Income/ha Tk. 69, Profit/ha Tk. 25, BCR 1.58>1 (Source: Author s calculation) 13

14 Result & Discussion Seed variety Table : Economic benefits of growing vegetables in the floating garden for a year under the provision of second-order adaptation Rain fed variety (Aman rice) Wheat Cotton Yield (kg)/acre 956 Kg 944 Kg 360 Kg Cost (Kg)/acre Tk Tk Tk Income(kg)/acre Tk Tk Tk Profit (Tk.)/acre Tk Tk Tk BCR 1.13>1 2.32>1 1.69>0 (Source: Author s calculation) 14

15 Result & Discussion Pit system gardening Table : Economic benefits of growing selected vegetables in pit system gardening under the provision of second-order adaptation Sweet Gourd Bottle Gourd Wax Gourd Hyacinth Been Yield (kg)/0.16 acre 90 Kg (App.) 77 Kg (App.) 30Kg (App.) 30 Kg (App.) Cost (Tk.)/0.16 acre Tk Tk Tk Tk Income/0.16 acre Tk Tk Tk Tk Profit (Tk.)/0.16 acre Tk Tk Tk Tk BCR 1.7>1 1.5>1 1.4>1 2.2>0 (Source: Author s calculation) 15

16 Conclusions Adaptation measures are very important for survival. It should closely be allied to flexible, resilient, effective, environmentally friendly, sustain and stable o Community should give more importance on indigenous and traditional knowledge based adaptation approach. o Government should give more incentive and subsidy on indigenous adaptation based farming system or project. o Role of NGOs, R & D based strategies and training activities play an important role to formulate good and ideal adaptive measure. o Knowledge sharing, relevant information and resource flows are vital inputs to make good adaptive measure under different hazardous conditions. o First-order adaptive measure should be taken into consideration of the spatial geo-physical set up. osecond-order adaptive measure should focus on diversified and new opportunity generated activities so that affected people can easily adapt themselves with the unexpected hazards or disasters. 16

17 Final Words Indigenous knowledge based adaptation and wise use of resource can improve the livelihood conditions This slide is made possible by the support of American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of the presenter and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States government. 17