Changing Consumption Patterns Commitments Agenda 21: Chapter 4 and UN Commission on Sustainable Development

Transcription

1 Contents: 1. Stakeholders: Governments and/or private research and policy institutes with the assistance of regional and international economic and environmental organizations 1.1 Focusing on unsustainable patterns of production and consumption Activities Data and Information International cooperation and coordination 2. Stakeholders: Governments working with appropriate organizations 2.1 Developing national policies and strategies to encourage changes in unsustainable consumption patterns Activities 3. Stakeholders: Governments in cooperation with industry and other relevant groups 3.1 Developing national policies and strategies to encourage changes in unsustainable consumption patterns Activities Encouraging greater efficiency in the use of energy and resources Assisting individuals and households to make environmentally sound purchasing decisions 4. Stakeholders: Government together with industry, households and the public 4.1 Developing national policies and strategies to encourage changes in unsustainable consumption patterns Activities Minimizing the generation of wastes 5. Stakeholders: Governments and international organizations, together with the private sector 5.1 Developing national policies and strategies to encourage changes in unsustainable consumption patterns Activities Assisting individuals and households to make environmentally sound purchasing decisions 6. Stakeholders: Governments 6.1 Developing national policies and strategies to encourage changes in unsustainable consumption patterns Activities Exercising leadership through Government purchasing 1

2 7. Stakeholders: Governments and private-sector organizations 7.1 Developing national policies and strategies to encourage changes in unsustainable consumption patterns Activities Reinforcing values that support sustainable development 8. Stakeholders: Governments along with consumers and producers 8.1 Developing national policies and strategies to encourage changes in unsustainable consumption patterns Means of implementation 9. Stakeholder: United Nations system Activities 10. Stakeholders: Various organizations and bodies of the United Nations system, other intergovernmental organizations, the secretariats of the various international conventions, and major groups, particularly local authorities, business and industry Activities 11. Stakeholders: Governments, international organizations, legislative bodies, research and scientific institutions, business and industry, and consumer organizations and other non-governmental organizations Activities 12. Stakeholder: International institutions Activities 13. Stakeholders: Business and industry Activities 14. Stakeholder: Commission on Sustainable Development Activities 15. Stakeholders: Governments, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups Activities Natural resource management and cleaner production Globalisation and its impacts on consumption and production patterns Urbanization and its impacts on consumption and production pattern 2

3 1. Stakeholders: Governments and/or private research and policy institutes, with the assistance or regional and international economic and environmental organizations 1.1 Focusing on unsustainable patterns of production and consumption 1.1 Activities Data and information Has the government (and/or private research and policy institutes, with the assistance or regional and international economic and environmental Art 4.10 (a) organizations) expanded or promoted databases on production and consumption and developed methodologies for analysing them? Art 4.10 (b) Has the government (and/or private research and policy institutes, with the assis tance or regional and international economic and environmental organizations) assessed the relationship between production and consumption, environment, technological adaptation and innovation, economic growth and development, and demographic factors? Has the government (and/or private research and policy institutes, with the assistance or regional and international economic and environmental Art 4.10 (c) organizations) examined the impact of ongoing changes in the structure of modern industrial economies away from material-intensive economic growth? Art 4.10 (d) Has the government (and/or private research and policy institutes, with the assistance or regional and international economic and environmental organizations) considered how economies can grow and prosper while reducing the use of energy and materials and the production of harmful materials? Art 4.10 (e) Has the government (and/or private research and policy institutes, with the assistance or regional and international economic and environmental organizations) identified balanced patterns of consumption worldwide that the earth can support in the long-term? 3

4 Art 4.11 Has the government (and/or private research and policy institutes, with the assistance or regional and international economic and environmental organizations) considered the present concepts of economic growth and the need for new concepts of wealth and prosperity which allow higher standards of living through changed lifestyles and are less dependent on the Earth s finite resources and more in harmony with the Earth s carrying capacity. Has this been reflected in the evolution of new systems of national accounts and other indicators of sustainable development? 2. Stakeholders: Governments working with appropriate organizations 2.1 Developing national policies and strategies to encourage changes in unsustainable consumption patterns Activities Has the government (working with appropriate organizations) promoted efficiency in production processes and reduced wasteful consumption in the process Developing Art 4.17 (a) of economic growth, taking into account the development needs of developing? Art 4.17(b) Has the government (working with appropriate organizations) developed a domestic policy framework that will encourage a shift to more sustainable patterns of production and consumption? Art 4.17(c) Has the government (working with appropriate organizations) reinforced both values that encourage sustainable production and consumption patterns and policies that encourage the transfer of environmentally sound technologies to developing? Developing 4

5 CSD II Has the government (working with appropriate organizations): 50 (i) Intensified and expanded their efforts to collect relevant data at the national and subnational levels? (ii) Undertaken projections and prospective studies so as to better appreciate the consequences of present policy stances and the possible impact of changing those policies? CSD II 54 Has the government (working with appropriate organizations) considered using pricing policies to internalise the costs of risk and damage to the environment, to a greater or lesser extent, depending on the varying circumstances of developed and developing and with economies in transition and to Governments consider reporting on the action taken to the Commission on Sustainable Development in 1997? CSD II 49 Has the government (working with appropriate organizations) made ongoing efforts to introduce mechanisms, particularly in developed, to internalise external costs, especially regarding all greenhouse-gas emissions? Developed CSD II 53 Has the government (working with appropriate organizations) undertaken national and regional studies of environmental, social and economic trends and damage fro m present patterns of consumption and production to assess their sustainability and their repercussions on other, particularly developing, and on the world economy? Have the results of these studies helped the government set national priorities to address the most damaging effects of unsustainable consumption patterns and to assist developing to this effect? Developing 3. Stakeholders: Governments in cooperation with industry and other relevant groups 3.1 Developing national policies and strategies to encourage changes in unsustainable consumption patterns Activities Encouraging the greater efficiency in the use of energy and resources 5

6 Has the government (in cooperation with industry and other relevant groups) encouraged the dissemination of existing environmentally sound technologies? Art 4.18 (a) Art 4.18 (b) Has the government (in cooperation with industry and other relevant groups) promoted research and development in environmentally sound technologies? Art 4.18 (c) Has the government (in cooperation with industry and other relevant groups) assisted developing to use these technologies efficiently and to develop technologies suited to their particular circumstances? Developing Art 4.18 (d) Has the government (in cooperation with industry and other relevant groups) encouraged the environmentally sound use of new and renewable resources of energy? CSD II Has the government (in cooperation with industry and other relevant groups) considered measures to achieve the following objectives: 52 (i) Encouraging greater efficiency in the use of energy and resources? (ii) Minimizing waste? (iii) Assisting individuals and households to make environmentally sound purchasing decisions? (iv) Exercising leadership through government purchasing? (v) Moving towards environmentally sound pricing? (vi) Reinforcing values that support sustainable consumption and production. In this connection, exchange of experience should be encouraged? Art 4.18 (e) Has the government (in cooperation with industry and other relevant groups) encouraged the environmentally sound and sustainable use of renewable natural resources? 6

7 CSD III 45 Has the government (in cooperation with industry and other relevant groups) identified the policy implications of projected trends in consumption and production patterns? Have the projections covered, inter alia, resource consumption and associated environmental, social and economic impacts, with particular reference to developing ' efforts at meeting basic needs, eradicating poverty and achieving economic growth? Have such studies built upon the existing work of the United Nations system and other international organizations, and made use of global models designed to project a number of indicators on environmental stress and its impact on the environment and human health? Has the government (in cooperation with industry and other relevant groups) assessed the impact on developing, especially the least developed and small island developing States, of changes in consumption and production in developed? Has the government (in cooperation with industry and other relevant groups) evaluated the effectiveness of policy measures intended to change consumption and production patterns, such as command-and-control, economic and social instruments, government procurement policies and guidelines? Has the government (in cooperation with industry and other relevant groups) elicited time-bound voluntary commitment from to make measurable progress on those sustainable development goals that have an especially high priority at the national level? Developing and small island developing states Has the government (in cooperation with industry and other relevant groups) revised the guidelines for consumer protection? Assisting individuals and households to make environmentally sound purchasing decisions Has the government (in cooperation with industry and other relevant groups) encouraged expansion of environmental labelling and other environmentally Consumers Art 4.21 related product information programmes designed to assist consumers to make informed choices? Art 4.22 (a) Has the government (in cooperation with industry and other relevant groups) provided information on the consequences of consumption choices and behaviour so as to encourage demand for environmentally sound products and use of products? Consumers

8 Art 4.22 (b) Has the government (in cooperation with industry and other relevant groups) made consumers aware of the health and environmental impacts of products, through such means as consumer legislation and environmental labelling? Art 4.22 (c) Has the government (in cooperation with industry and other relevant groups) encouraged specific consumer-oriented programmes, such as recycling and deposit/refund system? Consumers Consumers 4. Stakeholders: Governme nts together with industry, households and the public 4.1 Developing national policies and strategies to encourage changes in unsustainable consumption patterns Activities Minimizing the generation of wastes Art 4.19 (a) Has the government (together with industry, household or the public) encouraged recycling in industrial processes and at the consumer level? Industry and consumers Art 4.19 (b) Has the government (together with industry, household or the public) reduced wasteful packaging of products? Art 4.19 (c) Has the government (together with industry, household or the public) encouraged the introduction of more environmentally sound products? 8

9 5 Stakeholders: Governments and international organizations, together with the private sector 5.1 Developing national policies and strategies to encourage changes in unsustainable consumption patterns Activities Assisting individuals and households to make environmentally sound purchasing decisions Art 4.20 Has the government and international organizations, together with the private sector, developed criteria and methodologies for the assessment of environmental impacts and resource requirements throughout the full life cycle of products and processes? 6. Stakeholders: Governments 6.1 Developing national policies and strategies to encourage changes in unsustainable consumption patterns Activities Exercising leadership through Government purchasing Art 4.23 Has the government reviewed the purchasing policies of agencies and departments so that they may improve, where possible, the environmental content of government procurement policies, without prejudice to international trade principles? CSD III 31 Has the government endeavoured to promote the internalisation of environmental costs and the use of economic instruments, as appropriate, taking into account the polluter-pays principle? Developing CSD 19 th Special Session Has the government promoted measures to internalise environmental costs and benefits in the price of goods and services, while seeking to avoid potential negative effects for market access by developing, particularly with a view to encouraging the use of environmentally preferable products and commodities? 9

10 Session 28 (a) Source Recommendation Target Gr oup Target Date Reference CSD III 32 Has the government continued to improve their decision-making so as to integrate environmental, economic and social considerations, which involves the use of a range of different policy approaches and instruments? Has the potential been recognised for using economic instruments that can both generate revenue for financing sustainable development and send signals to the market to help change unsustainable consumption and production patterns? 1 (t) CSD III Has there been additional substantial efforts and real p rogress by governments, in particular the developed, in changing their unsustainable Developed 33 production and consumption patterns, and in assisting in redressing the present imbalances obtaining between industrialized and developing nations? CSD III th Special Session 28 (g) Has sustainability, including equity concerns, continued to be addressed by the government, the Commission, and other forums in their deliberations on how changing production and consumption patterns will affect environmental, social and economic conditions in and among at all levels of development? Has the government taken the lead in changing consumption patterns by improving their own environmental performance with action-oriented policies and goals on procurement, the management of public facilities and the further integration of environmental concerns into national policy-making developed? Governments and the Commission on Sustainable Development CSD III 33 Has there been additional substantial efforts and real progress by States, in particular the developed, in changing their unsustainable production and consumption patterns, and in assisting in redressing the present imbalances obtaining between industrialized and developing nations? Industrialized and developing 10

11 CSD III th Special Session 28 (g) Has sustainability, including equity concerns, continued to be addressed by the government, the Commission, and other forums in their deliberations on how changing production and consumption patterns will affect environmental, social and economic conditions in and among at all levels of development? Has the government taken the lead in changing consumption patterns by improving their own environmental performance with action-oriented policies and goals on procurement, the management of public facilities and the further integration of environmental concerns into national policy-making developed? Governments and the Commission on Sustainable Development CSD III Has the government provided an overall framework, including the regulations, economic incentives and infrastructure required to create the necessary 36 conditions and facilities for business, industry and households to move towards sustainable production and consumption patterns? 19 th Special Session 28 (l) 19 th Special Session 28 (k) Has the government given balanced consideration to both the demand side and the supply side of the economy in matching environmental concerns and economic factors? In this regard, have public awareness campaigns, education and community-based voluntary action contributed to fostering changes in lifestyles? Has the government encouraged the development and strengthening of educational programmes to promote sustainable consumption and production patterns? Business, industry and households 19 th Special Has the government taken into account the linkages between urbanization and the environmental and developmental effects of consumption and production patterns in cities, thus promoting more sustainable patterns of urbanization? Urban populations Session 28 (e) 11

12 CSD III 35 Has the government at all levels, business and industry, and consumers intensified efforts at reducing the energy and material intensities of production and consumption, through improving energy efficiency, taking energy-saving measures, technological innovations and transfer, increased waste recovery, and reusing and recycling of materials? Has the government taken advantage of opportunities for further improving efficiency in resource consumption and for reducing environmentally harmful byproducts of current consumption and production patterns in accordance with national priorities and international agreements, for example, by promoting the use of renewable energy sources? Governments 19 th Special Session 28 (f) Has the government promoted international and national programmes for energy and material efficiency with timetables for their implementation, as appropriate? Has attention been given to studies that propose to improve the efficiency of resource use, including consideration of a 10-fold improvement in resource productivity in industrialized in the long term and a possible factor-four increase in industrialized in the next two or three decades? Has further research studied the feasibility of these goals and the practical measures needed for their implementation? Have relevant bodies adopted measures aimed at assisting developing in improving energy and material efficiency through the promotion of their endogenous capacity-building and economic development with enhanced and effective international support? Has the government effectively continued efforts to reduce pollution and the generation of waste and increased efforts to promote continuous improvements in the energy and materials intensities of production and consumption? Has the government shared information on their experience with such policies, and ensured the full participation of major groups? 2 (b) CSD III Has the government reviewed the purchasing policies of their agencies and departments so that they may improve, where possible, the environmental content 37 of government procurement policies, without prejudice to international trade principles? Has the government and intergovernmental organizations, through appropriate mechanisms, exchanged information and experiences consistent with national laws and regulations in the area of their procurement policies? CSD III Has the government emphasized strengthening international cooperation in harmonizing criteria for the setting of voluntary product standards, with due regard Developing 42 to the specific environmental, social and economic conditions in developing producer/exporting, and have they taken into account concerns about market access and the competitiveness of products and services? Has the government intensified efforts to encourage the transfer of appropriate technology? 12

13 2 (a) Has the government continued their efforts at achieving more sustainable patterns of production and consumption, taking into account the particular needs and conditions of the developing? Developing Has the government continued to take the lead in promoting and achieving more sustainable production and consumption patterns? Has the government given more attention, in conjunction with major groups, business and industry, to the role that media, advertising and marketing play in Business and (d) shaping consumption and production patterns, and reported findings and national experience to the Commission at its fifth session, in 1997? industry 28 (l) Has the government encouraged business and industry to develop and apply environmentally sound technology that should aim not only at increasing competitiveness but also at reducing negative environmental impact? 13

14 CSD III th Special Session 28 (c) 2 (c) 2 (h) Have medium- and long-term studies, been launched to monitor and track the evolution of production and consumption patterns as well as associated environmental, social and economic impacts, both within and among nations? Have the studies covered technological innovation and transfer, economic growth and development, and demographic factors? Have they produced quantifiable and measurable indicators so as to facilitate policy analysis and debate on relevant issues and trends? Has the government developed core indicators to monitor critical trends in consumption and production patterns, with industrialized taking the lead? In undertaking these studies, has attention been paid to the various effects, including the potential trade effects and in particular the effects on developing and with economies in transition, of new measures and policy stances to be adopted in promoting sustainable production and consumption? Has the government explored the implications of eco-efficiency for policy development and implementation, in particular in combination with priority identification and goal-setting? Has the government fostered a dialogue with relevant non-governmental organizations, for example national consumer organizations, and the business community? Has the government facilitated the participation of major groups, in particular non-governmental organizations, women, youth and trade unions, in developing and implementing policies for promoting sustainable consumption and production patterns? All stakeholder groups (especially NGO s, women, youth, and trade unions) Developing NGO s, national consumer organizations and the business community 19 th Special Has the government identified the best practices through evaluations of policy measures with respect to their environmental effectiveness, efficiency and implications for social equity, and disseminating such evaluations? Session 28 (d) 14

15 CSD III 40 Has internalisation of environmental costs been promoted, taking into account the polluter-pays principle, with due regard to the public interest and without distorting international trade and investment? Business and governments 1997 Have command-and-control measures and social and economic instruments played a role in changing production and consumption patterns? Special Session 28 (a) Has the government taken into account local and national conditions in designing and implementing such instruments? Has the government considered introducing economic measures, including tax and subsidies reform designed to reduce negative environmental impacts and support employment? 7 (b) Has the government considered shifting the burden of taxation onto unsustainable patterns of production and consumption? Have such tax reforms included a socially responsible process of reduction and elimination of subsidies to environmentally harmful activities? 2(g) Has the government established and implemented policies for the procurement of environmentally sound and otherwise sustainable products and services for use within governments, and have governments reported to the Commission at its fifth session on their experiences in this regard with a view to their inclusion in the review to be conducted at the 1997 special session of the General Assembly? Special Session Has the government promoted the role of business in shaping more sustainable patterns of consumption by encouraging, as appropriate, the voluntary publication of environmental and social assessments of its own activities, taking into account specific country conditions, and actions as an agent of change in the market, and actions in its role as a major consumer of goods and services? 28 (b) CSD III 41 Has the government promoted efforts aimed at integrating natural resource accounting into standard systems of national accounts? 7. Stakeholders: Governments and private-sector organizations 7.1 Developing national policies and strategies to encourage changes in unsustainable consumption patterns Activities Reinforcing values that support sustainable development 15

16 Art 4.26 Has the government and private-sector organizations promoted more positive attitudes towards sustainable consumption through education, public awareness programmes and other means, such as positive advertising of products and services that utilize environmentally sound technologies or encourage sustainable production and consumption patterns? 8. Stakeholders: Governments along with consumers and producers 8.1 Developing national policies and strategies to encourage changes in unsustainable consumption patterns Means of implementation Art 4.27 Has the government along with consumers and producers paid to the significant role played by women and households as consumers and the potential impacts of their combined purchasing power on the economy? Consumers, producers, women and households 9. Stakeholder: United Nations system Activities CSD II 55 Has the United Nations system, as well as regional and international organizations, assessed and reported on how they may promote sustainable consumption and production patterns through their own activities? Developed 3 (b) Has the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and OECD, considered undertaking, within existing resources, policy-relevant studies of the possible impacts for developing of changes in consumption and production patterns in developed? Has this work focused on the two aspects of: (i) Assisting Governments in identifying impacts and options for the mitigation of adverse environmental, social and economic impacts? (ii) Identifying and stimulating new trade and investment opportunities? 16

17 CSD II Has the Secretary-General requested the views of Governments in order to formulate elements of a possible work programme for sustainable consumption and production patterns by the third session of the Commission on Sustainable Development, in 1995? Has preparatory work included the inter-sessional organization of workshops and other forms of information-exchange on the relative effectiveness of a spectrum of instruments for changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns in all groups of? Governments, NGO s, business and industry Has this been done in continuous consultation with representatives from non-governmental organizations, business and industry from all regions? Has the United Nations Environment Programme and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization through their cleaner production centres, Developed 10 enhanced their support to enterprises, in particular small and medium-sized enterprises, in developing and with economies in transition, especially in the areas of auditing and certification, loan applications and financing, and the marketing of their products on international markets as well as dissemination of information on environmentally sound technology and technical know-how? b.) What was the i mpact? CSD II 57 Has the Secretary-General prepared an analytical report on the use of economic instruments and other policy measures for changing consumption patterns in developed, with special reference to the sectoral issues on the agenda of the Commission at its third session, as an input to the Ad Hoc Open-ended Working Group on Finance? Developed 10. Stakeholders: Various organizations and bodies of the United Nations system, other intergovernmental organizations, the secretariats of the various international conventions, and major groups, particularly local authorities, business and industry Activities CSD III 46 Have the various organizations and bodies of the United Nations system, other intergovernmental organizations, the secretariats of the various international conventions, and major groups, particularly local authorities, business and industry, undertaken specific elements of the Commission's work programme on changing production and consumption patterns? 17

18 11. Stakeholders: Governments, international organizations, legislative bodies, research and scientific institutions, business and industry, and consumer organizations and other non-governmental organizations Activities CSD III 38 Has the government, international organizations, legislative bodies, research or scientific institution, business or industry, or consumer organization and other non-governmental organizations joined in concerted efforts to provide comprehensive information son the status of, and changes and projected trends in, the environment, ecosystems and the natural resources base at the national, regional and global levels? 1(e) Has the government, international organizations, legislative bodies, research or scientific institution, business or industry, or consumer organization and other non-governmental organizations supported an appropriate balance in the attention given to both the supply side and the demand side in the context of changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns? Industrialized nations Have changes in use and consumer lifestyles been applied, especially in industrialized nations? Source Recommendati on Target Group Target Date Reference Has the government, international organizations, legislative bodies, research or scientific institution, business or industry, or consumer organization and other 1(j) non-governmental organizations undertaken at the international level for the protection and enhancement of the environment that take fully into account the current imbalances in the global patterns of consumption and production, and that changing consumption patterns will require a multipronged strategy focusing on demand, meeting the basic needs of the poor, and reducing wastage and the use of finite resources in the production process? 1 (l) Has the government, international organizations, legislative bodies, research or scientific institution, business or industry, or consumer organization and other non-governmental organizations supported efficiency in energy use and measures to promote the use of renewable energy, and has there been enhanced international cooperation to support national actions in this regard? 1 (u) Has the government, international organizations, legislative bodies, research or scientific institution, business or industry, or consumer organization and other non-governmental organizations stressed the importance of the contribution made by major groups and the private sector towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production worldwide? Major groups 18

19 1 (m) Has the government, international organizations, legislative bodies, research or scientific institution, business or industry, or consumer organization and other non-governmental organizations made efforts to change patterns of consumption and production taken into account developing ' sustainable development strategies, including economic, social and environmental aspects of growth? Developing 1 (o) Has the government, international organizations, legislative bodies, research or scientific institution, business or industry, or consumer organization and other non-governmental organizations developed measures for changing worldwide consumption and production patterns taken into account, as appropriate, the need Developing and transitional for improved market access, particularly for developing and with economies in transition, for more sustainably produced goods and services? 1 (p) Has the government, international organizations, legislative bodies, research or scientific institution, business or industry, or consumer organization and other non-governmental organizations used policy instruments proposed by the Commission and supported exchanges of experiences in that field? 1 (q) Has the government, international organizations, legislative bodies, research or scientific institution, business or industry, or consumer organization and other non-governmental organizations striven to promote sustainable consumption patterns, and have developed continued to take the lead in promoting and achieving more sustainable consumption patterns? Developed Has progress been achieved by, in particular the developed, in changing their unsustainable consumption and production patterns and in assisting to redress the present imbalances between industrialized and developing and within themselves? Has the government, international organizations, legislative bodies, research or scientific institution, business or industry, or consumer organization and other 1 (r) non-governmental organizations implemented eco-efficiency as well as product-related strategies been useful in reducing the energy and materials intensities of production and consumption, and have such concepts as energy and materials intensity, carrying capacity, eco-space and ecological footprints been analysed for further development and use? 19

20 1 (s) Has the government, international organizations, legislative bodies, research or scientific institution, business or industry, or consumer organization and other non-governmental organizations supported procurement policies that address the issue of the purchase and maintenance of goods and services of hospital and school equipment and vehicle fleets, and that of the use of environmentally sound products? Public services 1 (t) Has the government, international organizations, legislative bodies, research or scientific institution, business or industry, or consumer organization and other non-governmental organizations recognised the use of economic instruments that can both generate revenue for financing sustainable development and send signals to the market to help change unsustainable consumption and production patterns? International institutions 1 (u) Has the government, international organizations, legislative bodies, research or scientific institution, business or industry, or consumer organization and other non-governmental organizations stressed of the contribution made by major groups and the private sector towards more sustainable patterns of consumption Major groups and the private and production worldwide? sector 12. Stakeholders: International institutions Activities 3 (a) Has your international organizations strengthened its work in support of national initiatives by undertaking sound analyses on: (i) Projected trends in consumption and production patterns and their policy implications? (ii) (iii) The implications of eco-efficiency for policy development? The merits and drawbacks of the different types of instruments available to achieve changes in consumption and production patterns? 20

21 3 (e) Have international institutions supported governments' initiatives to improve their environmental performance, with regard to materials and energy efficiency, waste management and pollution prevention, procurement and investment policies, and the continued integration of environmental policy with economic and other policies? Have international organizations used high environmental performance standards in the day-to-day management of their own facilities and operations? 13.Stakeholders: Business and industry Activities Has business and industry: 4 (c) (i) Continued to exercise environmental responsibility, inter alia, by developing and implementing the concept of eco-efficiency, and in particular to assess its potentials and limitations in terms of achieving sustainable development, without reducing profitability? (ii) Helped to design optimal mixes of instruments for achieving more sustainable patterns? (iii) Has special attention been given to the obstacles and opportunities, and the costs and benefits, of implementing voluntary initiatives, partnerships and agreements, incorporating extended and shared producer responsibility and adopting environmental management systems such as the International Organization for Standardization series, ISO 14000? 14. Stakeholder: Commission on Sustainable Development Activities CSD VI Has the Commission on Sustainable Development organized, within existing resources, open-ended consultations among governments and reported thereon to D the Inter-sessional Ad Hoc Working Group for its consideration, having regard to the report of the Secretary-General? 21

22 CSD VI E Has the Commission reported to the Council at its substantive session of 1999 on guidelines for sustainable consumption? 1999 CSD VI Have the Commission s follow-up reports evaluated the performance of command-and-control, social and economic instruments in country-specific situations 19 th Special with a view to facilitating a better understanding of the policy options that are available to policy makers in all? Session 28 (f) Policy makers in governments Stakeholders: Governments, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups Activities 7 (a) Has the government, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups, further developed and implemented policies for promoting sustainable consumption and production patterns, including affordable, more eco-efficient consumption and production, through disincentives for unsustainable practices and incentives for more sustainable practices? 7 (b) Has the government, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups, promoted measures to internalise environmental costs and benefits in the price of goods and services, while seeking to avoid potential negative effects for market access by developing, particularly with a view to encouraging the use of environmentally preferable products and commodities? 22

23 7 (c) Has the government, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups, worked to increase understanding of the role of advertis ing and mass media and marketing forces in shaping consumption and production patterns, and enhanced their role in promoting sustainable development, inter alia, through voluntary initiatives and agreed guidelines? Advertising, media and marketing organizations 7 (d) Has the government, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups, developed and implemented public awareness programmes with a focus on consumer education and access to information, in particular addressing youth, through, inter alia, integrating the issue of sustainable consumption and production into teaching curricula at all levels, as appropriate, and taking into account gender perspectives and the special concerns of older people? Older people Has the government, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups, improved the quality of information 7 (e) regarding the environmental impact of products and services encouraged the voluntary and transparent use of eco-labelling? 7 (f) Has the government, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups, further developed, tested and improved the preliminary set of indicators for sustainable consumption and production developed under the Commission's work programme, focusing on the practical use of the indicators for policy development, taking into account the special needs and conditions of developing? Developing 7 (g) Has the government, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups, developed and implemented public awareness programmes with a focus on consumer education and access to information, in particular addressing youth, through, inter alia, integrating the issue Youth and older people of sustainable consumption and production into teaching curricula at all levels, as appropriate, and taking into account gender perspectives and the special concerns of older people? 7 (h) Has the government, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups, ensured that implementation of measures for the above take fully into account the ongoing deliberations in relevant international forums?

24 8 Has the government, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups, promoted and facilitated the transfer of technical know-how, environmentally sound technologies and capacity-building for implementation to developing, in accordance with chapter 34 of, and also to with economies in transition so as to foster more sustainable consumption and production patterns? Developing Has the private-sector involvement also been encouraged and promoted? Natural resource management and cleaner production Has the government, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups, developed and applied policies to promote Developing 9 (a) public and private investments in cleaner production and the sustainable use of natural resources, including the transfer of environmentally sound technologies nations to developing, in accordance with chapter 34 of, and also to with economies in transition? 9 (b) Has the government, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups, collected and disseminated cost-effective best practice experiences in cleaner production and environmental management? 9 (c) Has the government, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups, undertaken further analysis of the costs and benefits of demand-side management, and where there is still insufficient information, of supply-side management, including cleaner production and ecoefficiency, and assessed the positive and negative impacts on developing and developed and with economies in transition? Developing and developed counties and counties with economies in transition

25 9 (d) Has the government, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups, further developed and implemented, as appropriate, cleaner production and eco-efficiency policy approaches, through, inter alia, environmental management systems, integrated product policies, lifecycle management, labelling schemes and performance reporting, and in this context, taken fully into account the national circumstances and needs of the developing as well as the relevant ongoing deliberations of the Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade and the Committee on Trade and Environment of the World Trade Organization (WTO)? Developing and transitional Have best practices and results been shared within the wider community and used for capacity-building, in particular in small and medium-sized enterprises, including in developing and with economies in transition? Has the government, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups, engaged industries and economic sectors, in All major (e) both public and private sectors, and all other major groups at the national and international levels, as appropriate, in activities relating to sustainable groups, the consumption and production with the objective of developing optimal strategies and/or programmes, including targets and timetables, at the appropriate levels public and for more sustainable consumption and production, including cleaner production and affordable eco-efficiency? private sectors 11 Has the government, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups, recognized that the implementation of cleaner production and eco-efficiency approaches can lead to reduced costs and improved competitiveness, as well as reduced environmental impacts? Business and industry Has business and industry been encouraged to implement these approaches as a contribution to the achievement of sustainable production? Globalization and its impacts on consumption and production patterns Has the government, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups, undertaken studies of the impacts of Developing (a) globalisation, including both positive and negative impacts of trade, investment, mass media, advertising and marketing in all, in particular developing? Have the studies examined ways and means to mitigate negative impacts and use opportunities to promote more sustainable consumption and production patterns and open and non-discriminatory trade? Has the government, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups, undertaken studies on the role of the (b) financial sector in promoting sustainable consumption and production, and further encouraged voluntary initiatives suited to national conditions for sustainable development by that sector? 25

26 12 (c) Has the government, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups, increased their efforts to make policies on trade and policies on environment, including those on sustainable consumption and production, mutually supportive, without creating disguised barriers to trade? Has the government, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups, studied the benefits of traditional values Local cultures 12 (d) and local cultures in promoting sustainable consumption? Urbanization and its impacts on consumption and production patterns 13 (a) Has the government, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups, while particularly taking into account the work of the Commission on Human Settlements, assessed and addressed, in the context of sustainable development, the impacts of urbanization, in particular those related to energy, transport, sanitation, waste management and public fitness? Stakeholders (b) Has the government, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups, while particularly taking into account the work of the Commission on Human Settlements, increased efforts to address the critical issues of fresh water and sanitation in human settlements in Developing 1999 developing through, inter alia, the transfer of environmentally sound technologies and the provision of financial resources for implementation? 13 (c) Has the government, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with ma jor groups, while particularly taking into account the work of the Commission on Human Settlements, assessed and addressed the impacts of urbanization on economic, environmental and social conditions? Have in-depth studies on the key determining factors of quality of life been undertaken and used to strengthen appropriate human settlement development strategies suited to national conditions, in the context of urbanization? 1999

27 Has the government, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups, studied the benefits of traditional values Indigenous 12(d) and local cultures in promoting sustainable consumption? cultures 9(e) Has the government, in cooperation with relevant international organizations and in partnership with major groups, engaged industries and economic sectors, in both public and private sectors, and all other major groups at the national and international levels, as appropriate, in activities relating to sustainable consumption and production with the objective of developing optimal strategies and/or programmes, including targets and timetables, at the appropriate levels for more sustainable consumption and production, including cleaner production and affordable eco-efficiency?