Ecology Mid-Winter Recess

Transcription

1 MOUNT VERNON CITY SCHOOL DISTRICT Children of Promise Ecology Mid-Winter Recess Student Name: School Name: Teacher: Score: out of 50 Percentage:

2 Student Name: School Name: Teacher: Part I. Answer all 30 questions. Your answers to should be recorded on this answer sheet

3 PART I: MULTIPLE CHOICE [30 POINTS] Each correct answer will receive 1 credit. No partial credit will be allowed. For each question, write on the separate answer sheet the numeral preceding the word or expression that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Most aircraft travel in the layer of the atmosphere called the 1. troposphere. 2. mesosphere. 3. stratosphere. 4. thermosphere. 2. All of Earth's water, land, and atmosphere within which life exists is known as 1. a population 2. a community 3. a biome 4. the biosphere 3. How many control setups should environmental scientists include in one experiment? 1. no more than two 2. only one 3. at least two 4. enough to cover all variables 4. A certain plant requires moisture, oxygen, carbon dioxide, light, and minerals in order to survive. This statement shows that a living organism depends on 1. biotic factors 2. abiotic factors 3. symbiotic relationships 4. carnivore-herbivore relationships 5. Which statement best describes some organisms in the food web shown below? 1. Minnows and fish are primary consumers. 2. Algae and floating plants are decomposers. 3. Aquatic crustaceans are omnivores. 4. Raccoons, fish, and ducks are secondary consumers. 3

4 6. Human activity has resulted in all of the following changes in the environment except 1. erosion. 2. desertification. 3. tectonics. 4. deforestation. 7. Events that take place in a biome are shown in the diagram below. Which information formation is represented in the diagram? 1. Respiration and photosynthesis are interrelated. 2. Transpiration and condensation are related to the water cycle. 3. Decomposers release a material that is acted on by other organisms. 4. Predators and their prey are involved in many interactions. 8. A scorpion stalks, kills, and then eats a spider. Based on its behavior, which ecological terms describe the scorpion? 1. producer, herbivore, decomposer 2. producer, carnivore, heterotroph 3. predator, carnivore, consumer 4. predator, autotroph, herbivore 9. Certain bacteria living in a human's large intesting help to produce vitamin K. This relationship is an example of 1. animal parasitism 2. plant parasitism 3. commensalism 4. mutualism 10. Which organisms are dependent upon other animals for food? 1. producers 2. herbivores 3. scavengers 4. primary consumers 4

5 11. The graph below shows that changes in two populations of herbivores in a grassy field. A possible reason for these changes is that 1. all of the plant populations in this habitat decreased 2. population B competed more successfully for food than population A did 3. population A produced more offspring than population B did 4. population A consumed the members of population B 12. Which event would form conditions under which primary succession would occur? 1. a volcanic eruption 2. a fire 3. a lightning storm 4. a human disturbance 13. Many desert mammals have long ears filled with capillaries. How does this adaptation help desert animals? 1. It enables nocturnal animals to absorb heat. 2. It helps animals to cool their blood. 3. It helps animals store water in their bodies. 4. It helps nocturnal animals absorb moisture from dew. 14. Which statement is not a reason why the tundra is prime nesting habitat for many migratory birds? 1. There is little competition for food. 2. There are few predators. 3. Insects are abundant. 4. Plant food is abundant. 15. What is one characteristic that both deserts and grasslands have in common? 1. They are west of mountain ranges. 2. They have no standing water. 3. Rainfall is the major limiting factor. 4. Their vegetation is shallow-rooted. 5

6 16. In rain forests, where does the greatest diversity of organisms occur? 1. in the leaf litter 2. in the soil 3. in the canopy 4. in water 17. Clear-cut rain forest is likely never to regenerate because 1. so little sunlight reaches the ground. 2. the soil is so poor in nutrients. 3. the soil will become water-logged. 4. trees take so long to grow. 18. In which part of a freshwater biome would scavenging organisms most likely live? 1. benthic zone 2. photic zone 3. brackish zone 4. tidal zone 19. Industrialized societies are characterized by all of the following except 1. densely populated cities. 2. extensive pollution. 3. specialized roles for people. 4. the widespread use of wood for fuel. 20. Sustainable development requires humans to recognize that they are vulnerable to the limitations of 1. evolution. 2. their intelligence. 3. technology. 4. Earth s carrying capacity. 21. During the Industrial Revolution, what led to population growth? 1. domestication of animals 2. the germ theory of disease 3. fewer wars 4. less pollution 22. Overpopulation puts severe stress on the environment because 1. populations are widely distributed. 2. disease spreads faster. 3. more people live in cities. 4. competition for resources is greater. 6

7 Base your answers to questions 23 and 24 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents various levels of interaction between organisms in a prairie ecosystem. 23. If the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere were to decrease, which organism in the diagram would be one of the first affected by this change? 1. hawks 2. wheat 3. locusts 4. molds 24. Which statement best describes a function of the molds, bacteria, and yeasts in this ecosystem? 1. They convert light energy into chemical energy. 2. They carry out a food-making process, using inorganic raw materials. 3. They break down dead organisms, releasing raw materials to the environment. 4. They act as catalysts to speed up the energy flow between organisms. 25. Which of the following is not part of integrated pest management? 1. ladybugs 2. viruses 3. bacteria 4. synthetic pesticides 26. The greatest increase in energy use occurred between which two stages of society? 1. early agricultural and pre-industrial agriculture 2. hunter-gatherer and agricultural 3. pre-industrial agricultural and post-industrial agricultural 4. post-industrial agricultural and modern industrial 7

8 27. Which of the following chemical formulas represents a hydrocarbon? 1. C8H18 2. NH4 3. CO2 4. C6H12O6 28. Suppose that every car on the road burned up about two gallons of gas a day. For each gallon of gas burned, one pound of carbon dioxide is spewed into Earth s atmosphere. If 144 million cars are used in the United States each day, how many pounds of carbon dioxide are released into the air each week? million pounds million pounds million pounds million pounds 29. What percentage of garbage can be burned as fuel? % 2. 66% 3. 10% 4. 50% 30. The largest biome on Earth is the 1. forest biome. 2. marine biome. 3. desert biome. 4. savanna biome. 8

9 PART II: SHORT RESPONSE [20 POINTS] Read each question or statement and respond in the space provided. Each correct answer will receive 2 credits. Partial credit will be allowed. 31. The Dust Bowl that devastated the American short-grass prairie in the 1930s resulted partly from poor agricultural practices. The prevailing wisdom then was The rain follows the plow. Explain how this view resulted in grassland destruction. [2] 32. Reforestation by lumber companies nearly always takes the form of tree farms replanting a clear-cut area with only one species of commercially valuable timber. Compare the biotic components of tree farms to forests. Can tree farms function as ecosystems? Why or why not? [2] 9

10 33. The ozone layer over Antarctica is being destroyed. This has led to an increase in ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching that part of Earth. Scientists have learned that the increased UV radiation is killing the phytoplankton in the Antarctic seas. Predict what kind of effect this might have on the food web. [2] 34. Old ships and planes have been sunk to provide a base on which a coral reef may grow. In what way(s) might the sunken object provide a good environment for the coral? [2] 10

11 35. Consider the effects the agricultural and industrial revolutions had on humans. Predict what negative effects might result from global use of a plentiful and safe renewable energy source. [2] 36. The human population of a given region is 1,000 people. The population grows geometrically: it doubles every year. The region currently produces enough food for 2,000 people, exporting its surplus. Agricultural production in this region increases at about 10% per year. [2] 11

12 37. The spread of agribusiness has led to destruction of wild land, now planted in genetically identical monocultural crops. The land destruction has resulted in the extinction of many genetically varied wild-type crops, such as wild corn. How might this loss of wild-type plants affect the continued output from monocultural farming? [2] 38. The United States has not had to endure an oil embargo since Explain two reasons why people should continue to conserve petroleum products anyway. [2] 12

13 39. What geographic factor contributes to natural desert formation? How? [2] 40. Black-footed ferrets were thought to be extinct after farmers and ranchers poisoned and thus killed off nearly all of the ferrets prey prairie dogs. Explain the relationship between the ferrets and the prairie dogs and describe how human actions can result in the unintended extinction of an animal.? [2] 13