Determination of Heat Susceptibility Indices for Some Quantitative Traits in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.)

Transcription

1 Available online at Bhardwaj et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (2): (2017) ISSN: DOI: ISSN: Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (2): (2017) Research Article Determination of Heat Susceptibility Indices for Some Quantitative Traits in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) Rahul Bhardwaj 1*, Ankita Sharma 1, Hoshiyar Singh 1 and B.K. Sharma 2 1 Division of Plant Breeding and Genetics 2 Division of Agriculture Statistics Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur Rajasthan *Corresponding Author bhardwajrahul4u@gmail.com Received: Revised: Accepted: ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled Determination of Heat Susceptibility Indices for Some Quantitative Traits in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) was undertaken to understand the impact of higher temperature on yield attributing characters and to select higher heat stress tolerant parent and cross combinations for future breeding programme. To fulfill the requirement of this objective, the experiment was conducted in two environments i.e. normal (15 th Nov.) and very late sown (15 th Jan.) condition with 10 diverse genotypes, their 45 F 1 s and F 2 s. In the present study, the HSI value of parents and crosses for different quantitative characters was calculated and genotypes were classified in to four different categories i.e. highly heat tolerant (HSI < 0.50), heat tolerant (HSI: ), moderately heat tolerant (HSI: ) and heat susceptible (HSI > 1.00). The overall ranking of heat susceptibility index indicated that among the parents Raj 4083, Raj 4037 and Raj 3777 and among the crosses Raj 3765 Raj 4037 followed by Raj 3777 Raj 4037 and Raj 4037 Raj 4083 were found to be desirable for most of the characters as they attained HSI value less than 1. Key words: Wheat, Heat Susceptibility Index, Quantitative Trait, Environment INTRODUCTION Wheat is the primary crop because it is grown across an exceptionally diverse range of environments, from the arid plains of Africa to the humid valleys of Veitnam and from the cold of Nepal 9 to the heat of India/Pakistan 2. Wheat is an important crop of India not only in terms of acreage, but also in terms of its versatility for adoption under wide range of agro climatic conditions and crop growing situations. Despite the wide adaptation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), which can be grown in many different environments ranging from temperate-irrigated to dry and high-rainfall areas and from warm-humid to dry-cold conditions 1,7, drought and heat stresses are of common occurrence during grain filling in wheat growing areas with a Mediterranean climate 17. Cite this article: Bhardwaj, R., Sharma, A., Singh, H. and Sharma, B.K., Determination of Heat Susceptibility Indices for Some Quantitative Traits in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.), Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5(2): (2017). doi: Copyright April, 2017; IJPAB 230

2 Bhardwaj et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (2): (2017) ISSN: Blum (1988) stated that there are limited (cm), flag leaf area (cm 2 ), peduncle area (cm 2 ), studies on the genetics of heat tolerance. number of tillers per plant, spike area(cm 2 ), Genetic information regarding yield and number of grains per spike, grain yield per various yield components contribute spike (g), 1000-grain weight (g), harvest index significantly in the selection of desirable (%) and grain yield per plant (g) on 10 parents and resulting progenies to develop and execute effective breeding program to evolve randomly selected plants in each of the F 1 s high yielding and stress tolerant varieties. progenies along with each parent while 30 Lawlor 6 reported that specific responses of a plants were selected in F 2 s population from plant to environmental factor (heat) are similar each replication. Mean values over selected but differ quantitatively depending on plants was used for analysis of heat genotype and are of great importance in plant susceptibility index. breeding and crop adaptation to stress Heat susceptibility index (HSI) was conditions. Breeding of thermo-tolerance calculated for grain yield and other forms is an integral component of wheat breeding programmes at both national and quantitative traits over high temperature stress international level. Realization of potential (very late sown) and non-stress environment wheat yield in hot irrigated climate is (normal sown) by using the formula as enshrined goal of our breeding program. suggested by Fisher and Maurer 5. By keeping the above facts in view, HSI = [l-yd/yp]/d there is a need to develop new genotypes Where, having genetic structure to tolerate thermal YD = mean of the genotypes in stress stress to sustain and enhance productivity of environment. wheat under warmer areas of India. YP = mean of the genotypes under non-stress MATERIAL AND METHOD In the Present investigation ten bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) varieties/ environment. D = 1-[mean YD of all genotypes/mean YP of all genotypes]. strains namely: Raj 3765, WH 1021, Raj 3777, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Raj 4037, Raj 4120, PBW 343, Raj 4083, Raj The impact of climate change is clearly 4238, DBW 17 and PBW 550 were crossed in evident from recent vagaries across regions in half diallel fashion during Rabi Half India. Ferrara et. al. 4, concluded that terminal of the F, 1 s seed was use to advance the heat stress is a common abiotic factor generation in Rabi Finally, the whole responsible for reducing yield. The results of experimental material (Ten genotypes along present investigation demonstrated that the with their 45 F 1 s and 45 F 2 s progenies) was mean performance of parents, F 1 s and F 2 s evaluated in Randomized Block Design with 3 under E 2 (very late sown) environment replications in 2 environments (two different reduced in comparison to E 1 environment dates of sowing 15 Nov. and 15 Dec.) timely (normal sown) [Table 1] 3, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,15,16. sown and very late sown, at Agricultural On the basis of HSI, the parents, F 1 s Research Farm of RARI Durgapura. Row and F 2 s were classified as highly tolerant, length was 3 meter. Row to row and plant to tolerant, moderately tolerant, and susceptible plant distance was kept 30 cm and 10 cm, to heat stress. As evident from Table 2, parent respectively. Observations were recorded for DBW 17, Raj 4238 and Raj 4083 for days to days to heading (75%), days to maturity heading; Raj 4037, Raj 4120, Raj 4083 and (75%), grain filling period (days), plant height Copyright April, 2017; IJPAB 231

3 Bhardwaj et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (2): (2017) ISSN: Raj 3765 for days to maturity; Raj 4037, Raj 3777 and Raj 4120 for grain filling period, DBW 17, Raj 4037 and PBW 550 for plant height; DBW17, WH 1021 and Raj 4120 for flag leaf area; Raj 4083, Raj 3765 and Raj 4037 for peduncle area; PBW 550, DBW 17 and WH 1021 for tillers per plant; Raj 3777, Raj 4083 and Raj 4120 for spike area; Raj 4037, Raj 3777 and Raj 3765 for number of grains per spike; Raj 3765, Raj 4083 and Raj 4120 for grain yield per spike; Raj 4083, Raj 3765 and Raj 3777 for 1000-grain weight; Raj 4083 and Raj 3777 for harvest index and Raj 4037, Raj 3777 and Raj 4083 for grain yield per plant were least affected under very late sown conditions (E 2 ). An overall assessment of parents for all the studied characters indicated that Raj 4083, Raj 4037, and Raj 3777 were found to be desirable for most of the characters on the basis of HSI. Considering heat susceptibility index (HSI) in F 1 s (Table 2), the crosses WH 1021 Raj 4120, WH 1021 Raj 3777, Raj 3765 DBW 17, Raj 4083 PBW 550 and Raj 3765 Raj 4238 for days to heading; Raj 3765 Raj 4037, Raj 3777 Raj 4037, PBW 343 Raj 4083, Raj 3765 Raj 4083 and Raj 3765 Raj 4120 for days to maturity; PBW 343 PBW 550, Raj 4037 Raj 4120, Raj 3777 Raj 4083, PBW 343 DBW 17 and Raj 3777 Raj 4037 for grain filling period; Raj 3765 Raj 4037, Raj 3765 Raj 3777, Raj 3765 PBW 550, Raj 4120 Raj 4238 and Raj 3765 WH 1021 for plant height; WH 1021 Raj 4037, Raj 4037 PBW 343, Raj 4120 PBW 550, Raj 4037 Raj 4083 and WH 1021 Raj 3777 for flag leaf area; Raj 3765 DBW 17, WH 1021 Raj 4037, WH 1021 Raj 4083, WH 1021 PBW 550 and Raj 4037 Raj 4083 for peduncle area; PBW 343 PBW 550, Raj 3765 DBW 17, WH 1021 DBW 17, PBW 550, Raj 4083 PBW 550, Raj 4037 Raj 4083, Raj 3777 PBW 550 and Raj 4120 PBW 550 for spike area; Raj 4037 Raj 4120, Raj 3765 PBW 343, Raj 4120 Raj 4083, Raj 4037 Raj 4238 and Raj 3777 Raj 4120 for number of grains per spike; Raj 4037 DBW 17, Raj 4037 Raj 4083, Raj 3777 DBW 17, Raj 3765 Raj 4037 and WH 1021 DBW 17 for grain yield per spike; Raj 4037 Raj 4238, Raj 4037 Raj 4083, Raj 3777 Raj 4120, Raj 3777 Raj 4238 and Raj 4083 Raj 4238 for 1000-grain weight; Raj 3777 Raj 4037, Raj 4120 Raj 4238, Raj 3765 Raj 4238, Raj 3777 Raj 4120 and Raj 4120 Raj 4083 for harvest index and Raj 4037 DBW 17, Raj 4037 Raj 4238, Raj 3777 PBW 343, Raj 3765 Raj 4037 and Raj 3777 Raj 4120 for grain yield per plant exhibited comparatively more tolerance under very late sown conditions (E 2 ). It is well known that grain yield is prime concern of any breeding programme, therefore F 1 crosses Raj 4037 DBW 17, Raj 4037 Raj 4238, Raj 3777 PBW 343, Raj 3765 Raj 4037 and Raj 3777 Raj 4120 which exhibited comparatively more tolerance among 45 F 1 s for grain yield per plant were considered as desirable for heat stress tolerance in E 2. Perusal of Table 2 in F 2 s, the crosses, WH 1021 Raj 4120, PBW 343 Raj 4083, Raj 3765 Raj 4083, WH 1021 Raj 3777 and Raj 3765 PBW 343 for days to heading; Raj 3765 Raj 4083, Raj 3765 Raj 4037, WH 1021 Raj 4083, Raj 4037 Raj 4083 and Raj 4037 Raj 4120 for days to maturity; PBW 343 PBW 550, PBW 343 DBW 17, Raj 4120 Raj 4083, Raj 4037 Raj 4120 and Raj 3765 Raj 4037 for grain filling period; Raj 3765 Raj 3777, Raj 3765 WH 1021, Raj 3765 Raj 4037, Raj 4120 Raj 4238 and Raj 3765 PBW 550 for plant Raj 3765 PBW 550 and WH 1021 Raj height; Raj 3765 DBW 17, Raj for number of tillers per plant; DBW 17 PBW 550, Raj 3777 Raj 4037, Raj 4238 Copyright April, 2017; IJPAB 232

4 Bhardwaj et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (2): (2017) ISSN: DBW 17 and Raj 4037 DBW 17 for flag leaf area; WH 1021 Raj 4083, Raj 4083 DBW 17, Raj 3765 DBW 17, Raj 3777 Raj 4083 and WH 1021 Raj 4037 for peduncle area; Raj 3765 PBW 550, PBW 343 PBW 550, Raj 3765 Raj 4238, Raj 3765 PBW 343 and PBW 343 Raj 4083 for number of tillers per plant; Raj 4083 PBW 550, Raj 3777 PBW 343, Raj 3777 DBW 17, Raj 4120 PBW 343 and DBW 17 PBW 550 for spike area; Raj 4037 Raj 4083, Raj 4083 Raj 4238, Raj 4037 Raj 4120, Raj 4120 Raj 4083 and Raj 4037 Raj 4238 for number of grains per spike; Raj 4037 DBW 17, DBW 17 PBW 550, Raj 3765 Raj 4238, Raj 4037 Raj 4083 and Raj 3777 Raj 4037 for grain yield per spike; Raj 4083 Raj 4238, DBW 17 PBW 550, Raj 3777 PBW 550, Raj 3777 Raj 4120 and Raj 3777 DBW 17 for 1000-grain weight; Raj 3777 Raj 4037, Raj 4120 Raj 4083, Raj 4120 Raj 4238, Raj 3765 Raj 4238 and Raj 4083 Raj 4238 were less affected while gain yield per plant, grain yield per spike, number of grains per spike, flag leaf area, spike area, plant height and peduncle area with high heat stress intensity (D- value) suffered more under E 2 environment. Perusal of Table 2 manifested that the parents Raj 4083, Raj 3777 and PBW 550; in F 1 crosses Raj 4037 DBW 17, Raj 4037 Raj 4238, Raj 3777 PBW 343, Raj 3765 Raj 4037 and Raj 3777 Raj 4120 and in F 2 Raj 3765 Raj 4037, Raj 3777 Raj 4037, Raj 4083 Raj 4238, Raj 3765 Raj 3777 and Raj 3765 WH 1021 exhibited comparatively more tolerance for grain yield per plant under very late sown conditions (E 2 ). The characters viz., gain yield per plant, grain yield per spike, number of grains per spike, flag leaf area, spike area, plant height and peduncle area with high heat stress intensity (D- value) suffered more under very late sown condition while. low value of heat for harvest index and Raj 3765 Raj 4037, stress intensity (D-value) indicated that Raj 3777 Raj 4037, Raj 4083 Raj 4238, Raj 3765 Raj 3777 and Raj 3765 WH 1021 for grain yield per plant showed high heat tolerance under very late sown conditions (E 2 ). On the basis of HSI for grain yield in F 2 generation Raj 3765 Raj 4037, Raj 3777 Raj 4037, Raj 4083 Raj 4238, Raj 3765 Raj 3777 and Raj 3765 WH 1021 were considered as desirable for thermal stress tolerance in E 2. Resemblance across the generations indicated the superiority of the crosses Raj 3777 Raj 4037, Raj 3765 Raj 4083, Raj 3777 Raj 4037, Raj 4037 Raj 3777, Raj 4037 Raj 4238 and Raj 4120 PBW 550 under vey late sown condition (E 2 ). Low value of heat stress intensity (D- value) indicated that parameters viz., days to heading, harvest index, days to maturity, grain filling period, tillers per plant and 1000-grain weight parameters viz., days to heading, harvest index, days to maturity, grain filling period, tillers per plant and 1000-grain weight showed more tolerance to heat stress. Similar findings were also observed for days to heading, days to maturity, spike length, plant height and harvest index by Singh et. al. 12. Prakash Ved et. al. 15, also reported higher D-value for grain yield/m 2. On the basis of heat susceptibility index, the parents Raj 3777, Raj 4037 and Raj 4083 were most desirable parents in E 2. As a consequence, it is recommended that these genotypes may perform as potential donor for heat tolerance. These parents should be further exploited for improvement of grain yield under late sown conditions. The HSI should be taken as important criteria for breeding wheat genotypes suitable for heat stress. Copyright April, 2017; IJPAB 233

5 Bhardwaj et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (2): (2017) ISSN: Table 1: Mean of parents, their F 1 s sand F 2 s for various characters in normal (E 1 ) and very late sown condition (E 2 ) in bread wheat Character Environment Parents F 1 s F 2 s Days to heading Days to maturity Grain filling period Plant height Flag leaf area Peduncle area Number of tillers per plant Spike area Number of grains per spike Grain yield per spike 1000-grain weight Harvest index Grain yield per plant E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E Copyright April, 2017; IJPAB 234

6 Bhardwaj et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (2): Int. (2017) J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (2): (2017) ISSN: ISSN: Table 2: Heat susceptibility indices for yield and its contributing attributes in E 2 in comparison to E 1 environment No. of Grain grain Grain Tillers Days to Days to Plant Flag leaf Peduncle Spike grains yield Harvest yield Parents filling per grain heading maturity height area area area per per index per period plant weight spike spike plant Raj WH Raj Raj Raj PBW Raj Raj DBW PBW F 1 crosses P1xP P1xP P1xP P1xP P1xP P1xP P1xP P1xP P1xP P2xP P2xP P2xP P2xP P2xP P2xP Copyright April, 2017; IJPAB

7 Bhardwaj et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (2): Int. (2017) J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (2): (2017) ISSN: P2xP P2xP P3xP P3xP P3xP P3xP P3xP P3xP P3xP P4xP P4xP P4xP P4xP P4xP P4xP P5xP P5xP P5xP P5xP P5xP P6xP P6xP P6xP P6xP P7xP P7xP P7xP P8xP P8xP P9xP F 2 crosses Copyright April, 2017; IJPAB

8 Bhardwaj et et al al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (2): Int. (2017) J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (2): (2017) ISSN: P1xP P1xP P1xP P1xP P1xP P1xP P1xP P1xP P1xP P2xP P2xP P2xP P2xP P2xP P2xP P2xP P2xP P3xP P3xP P3xP P3xP P3xP P3xP P3xP P4xP P4xP P4xP P4xP P4xP Copyright April, 2017; IJPAB

9 Bhardwaj et et al al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (2): Int. (2017) J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (2): (2017) ISSN: P4xP P5xP P5xP P5xP P5xP P5xP P6xP P6xP P6xP P6xP P7xP P7xP P7xP P8xP P8xP P9xP D-Vaue Copyright April, 2017; IJPAB

10 Bhardwaj et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (2): (2017) ISSN: REFERENCES 9. Rao, A.R. and Whitcombe, J.R., Genetic 1. Acevedo, E., Silva, P. and Silva, H., adaptation for vernalization requirement in Wheat growth and physiology. FAO. Plant Napalese wheat and barley. Ann. of Apli. Production and Protection Series (2002). Biol., 85: (1977). 2. Bagga, A.K. and Rawson, H.M., 10. Rashid, M.H., Samanta, S.C., Biswas, P., Contrasting responses of morphologically Mannan, M.A. and Zaman, A.K.M.M., similar wheat cultivars to temperatures Performance of thirty wheat genotypes appropriate to warm temperate climates under late sowing conditions in southern with hot summers: a study in controlled region of Bangladesh. Asian J. Plant Sci., environment. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 4 (6): 3: (2004) (1977). 11. Shashi Bala et. al., Effect of terminal heat 3. Dogiwal, G., Pannu, R.K., Kumar, S. and stress on yield and yield attributes of Tyagi, P.K., Suitability of different agro wheat. Indian journal of applied research, physiological traits for screening heat 4 (6): 1-2 (2014). tolerance in wheat genotypes. Ann. Biol., 12. Singh, K., Sharma, S. N. and Sharma, Y., 20: (2004). Effect of high temperature on yield 4. Ferrara, G.O., Rajaram, S. and Mosaad, attributing traits in bread wheat. M.G., Breeding strategies for improving Bangladesh J. Agril. Res., 36 (3): wheat in heat-stressed environments. In: (2011). Saunders D.A., Hettel G.P., eds, Wheat in 13. Singh, S. and Madan Pal, Growth, yield heat-stressed environments: Irrigated, dry and phenological response of wheat areas, and rice-wheat farming systems. cultivars to delayed sowing. Indian CIMMYT, Mexico DF pp (1994). Journal of Plant Physiology, 8 (3): Fisher, R. A. and Maurer, R., Drought 286 (2003). resistance in spring wheat cultivars I. 14. Tammam, A.M. and Abd el-rady, A.G., Grain yield responses. Aust. J. Agric. Res., Genetical studies on some morphophysiological 29 (5): (1978). traits in some bread wheat 6. Lawlor, D.W., Stress metabolism: Its crosses under heat stress conditions. implications in breeding programmes. In Egypt. J. Agric. Res., 89 (2): J.P. Srivastava, E. Porceddu, E. Acevedo (2011). and S. Verma, Eds, Drought tolerance in 15. Ved Praksh, Screening of wheat (Triticum winter cereals. John Willey and Sons, aestivum L.) genotypes under limited Chichester (1987a). moisture and heat stress environments. 7. Lillemo, M., Van Ginkel, M., Trethowan, Indian J. Genet., 67 (1): (2007). R.M., Hernandez, E. and Crossa, J., 16. Vivek Raj and Bhardwaj, A.K., Differential adaptation of CIMMYT bread Physiological parameters of wheat wheat to global high temperature cultivars as affected by time of sowing in environments. Crop Sci. 45 (6): 2443 Indo-gangetic Plain of U.P. and 2453 (2005). Uttaranchal. J. Farming Systems Research 8. Mohan, D., Mamrutha, H.M., Tyagi, B.S. and Development, 10: (2004). and Sharma, Y., Weather conditions 17. Wardlaw, I.F., Interaction between favouring high wheat productivity at some drought and chronic high temperature sites of madhya pradesh under late-sown during kernel filling in wheat in a condition. Wheat and Barley Newsletter, controlled environment Annals Bot., 90: ICAR-IIWBR, Karnal, 9 (1 & 2): (2015) (2002). Copyright April, 2017; IJPAB 239