Manitoba Production Days: Brandon, January 26-27, 2016

Transcription

1 Manitoba Production Days: Brandon, January 26-27, 2016 WIREWORM CONTROL IN POTATOES AND STRATEGIC ROTATIONAL CROPS IN CANADA Growing Forward II: Canadian Hort. Council Project Dr. Robert S. Vernon Dr. Wim van Herk Agassiz Research & Development Centre, AAFC

2 Setting the stage: Limonius -Wireworms: -several economic species in Canada alone. Probably > 20 Selatosomus Melanotus Agriotes

3 Surveys: Identification of economic wireworms across Canada: Wim van Herk Bob Vernon AAFC-Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agassiz, BC

4 Identification + distribution (summary) Main pest species today BC Agriotes obscurus Agriotes lineatus Limonius canus L. californicus Prairies Hypnoidus bicolor Selatosomus destructor Limonius californicus Agriotes mancus Ontario Hypnoidus abbreviatus Limonius agonus Melanotus spp. Agriotes mancus Quebec Hypnoidus abbreviates Limonius aeger M. communis/fissilis Dalopius vagus Agriotes mancus Atlantic Canada (PEI) Agriotes obscurus Agriotes lineatus Agriotes sputator Hypnoidus abbreviatus Limonius aeger Melanotus similis Sylvanelater cylindriformis Agriotes mancus

5 89 sites sampled in Prairies in survey assisted by Syngenta

6 Hypnoidus bicolor 72/89 fields sampled in 2010 S. destructor H. bicolor - By far the most numerous species - Largest distribution - Prefers non-irrigated fields - Smallest pest ww 19 OTHER FIELDS SINCE 2004

7 Selatosomus destructor 38/89 fields sampled S. destructor - Second most numerous Prairie species - Mostly in Alberta and Sask. - Also prefers non-irrigated fields - Largest pest ww in Prairies H. bicolor 5 OTHER FIELDS SINCE 2004

8 Setting the stage: -Wireworms: -A field may have one or MULTIPLE species -Especially true for S. destructor and H. bicolor

9 Both species in same field in 2010 S. destructor H. bicolor 25/89 sites sampled

10 Limonius californicus 8/89 fields sampled in 2010 Limonius - Third most numerous species - Typically prefers irrigated fields 3 OTHER FIELDS SINCE 2004

11 BUT!!!! Limonius californicus in Spring Barley: Lethbridge recent years is causing wrecks in NON-IRRIGATED fields south of Calgary. Spring Wheat: Taber Field replanted Spring Barley: Purple Springs Corn: Raymond

12 Limonius californicus Limonius - also main pest ww in Montana, Idaho and Wash. - direct-seeded fields, no tillage - increased soil moisture? - change in species dominance? - coming to a field near you?

13 Manitoba

14 Why does this information matter???? Some species differ radically in -Size

15 Size does matter!! Selatosomus destructor (up to 2.5 cm) Hypnoidus bicolor (up to 1.0 cm)

16 Size does matter!! Wheat: 1 S. destructor eats 3-10 times more wheat seed than 1 H. bicolor (Arnason 1931; Zacharuk 1962) Potatoes: 60x more S. destructor feeding than H. bicolor in potatoes between (Burrage 1963) Only S. destructor in tubers in field with both species. (Stewart 1949)

17 Why does this information matter???? Wireworm species also might differ in - Habitat preferences, life history Selatosomus destructor = 4-9 yr Hypnoidus bicolor = 2-3 yr Limonius californicus = 4 yr

18 Why does this matter???? Wireworm species may differ in - Habitat preferences, life history - Susceptibility to insecticides, biocontrols

19 Why does this matter???? Wireworm species may differ in - Habitat preferences, life history - Susceptibility to insecticides, biocontrols - Wireworm and click beetle behaviors -different activity periods in soil (affects sampling accuracy)

20 Why does this matter???? - Knowing what species you are dealing with is of vital importance with respect to: a) ANY WW research program, and especially pesticide trials! b) The development of IPM strategies.

21 Wireworm Life Cycle

22 Details vary between species!!!!! Top Crop Magazine

23 General Information: The click beetle stage: Agriotes lineatus Limonius canus

24 The click beetle stage: Where do they come from in an agricultural area???? Typically, from undisturbed, non-farmed habitats.

25 Permanent Wireworm Habitats Permanent Grass Grassy ditches Undisturbed field borders Others: Pasture; lawns; grassy road edges, etc.

26 The click beetle stage: So what happens when immigrant beetles lay eggs in a field????

27 Wheat: Canola: Wheat: Canola Click Beetles enter grassy fields, cereal crops, etc. in April, May and June. Typically no edge effects Eggs are laid in soil, and hatch into neonates in 3-4 weeks. Larvae (> 1 species) live and feed for years in the soil. Populations increase with # years under grass or cereals.

28 This becomes a problem when: -Grass or cereals are in rotation with other high value crops, such as potatoes. Wireworm infested wheat field

29 General Information: -Wireworm stage: Agriotes lineatus

30 -Wireworm stage: -once in a field, will attack many economic crops

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32 Important wireworm behaviour: Wireworms attracted by

33 Untreated wheat seed Wireworms are attracted to!!!!! Resident wireworms large

34 Untreated wheat seed *A large wireworm can easily consume 2 or more seeds. They also eat roots and other below-ground parts later.

35 Why is this important to know? a) For sampling. WWS are attracted to various baits because those baits produce CO2.

36 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2

37 Berlese Funnels

38 Wheat Flour Baits 6 deep hole 4 diameter 1 cup white flour 4-5 days

39 Why is this important to know? a) For sampling. Baits work the best when: -WWs are up and feeding -No competing CO2 sources -green manure, nearby grass. -no competition within 1 m of traps. -No accurate thresholds available

40 WIREWORM CONTROL Dr. Robert S. Vernon (AAFC, Agassiz) Dr. Wim van Herk (AAFC, Agassiz)

41 Control Options -Last 50 years to present: -Focus has been largely on in-season crop protection against the wireworm stage (resident wws) using insecticides.

42 Top Crop Magazine

43 Cereal Seed Tmts: PAST -Lindane (Vitavax) seed treatment used -Provided good stand protection AND -Killed wireworms quite effectively (growers claimed 3 or 4 years) -BUT!!! -Banned in Canada in 2004.

44 Lindane (Organochlorine) 60g AI/100kg seed Resident wireworms large

45 Lindane (Organochlorine) 60g AI/100kg seed Wireworms feed and die within a month or so % of RESIDENTS die during growing season

46 Lindane 60g AI/100kg seed *Wireworms are dying or dead while crop establishes

47 Lindane 60g AI/100kg seed Late spring to mid summer, click beetles lay eggs in wheat and neonate wireworms are produced.

48 Lindane 60g AI/100kg seed Lindane residual enough to kill NEONATE wireworms! > 85% reduction in 7 field studies. Wireworm populations would not recover to damaging levels for 3+ years!!

49 Wheat Field Trials -since 1996

50 Wireworm seedling damage

51 Plot preparation -Roundup in March -Field disced, not ploughed -Clods removed Preformed furrows No CO2!!!! Precision seeding by hand Weekly counts Does crop protection Core sampling = Wireworm Mortality? Harvest Yield Resident wws neonates 1 year later Bait Traps Installed: 4/plot Extracts: -neonates -resident wws Berlese Funnel Room 51

52 Candidate Insecticides for Canada: Neonicotinoids (related to nicotine): clothianidin (Poncho, Titan) thiamethoxam (Actara, CruiserMaxx) imidacloprid (Gaucho, Stress Shield 600). Synthetic pyrethroids (related to pyrethrum): tefluthrin (Force); bifenthrin (Capture) lambda cyhalothrin (Matador). Phenyl pyrazoles: fipronil (Regent).

53 Other candidates: renaxypyr, cyazypyr, spinosad, halofenocide, Metarhizium, etc. -None worked

54 What have we discovered? Neonicotinoids: Clothianidin (Poncho) Thiamethoxam (CruiserMaxx) Imidacloprid (Stress Shield 600)

55 Neonicotinoids (CruiserMaxx) (Stress Shield) 10-30g AI/100kg seed Resident wireworms large

56 Neonicotinoids (CruiserMaxx) (Stress Shield) Z Z Z Z 10-30g AI/100kg seed Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z *Wireworms don t die, but rapidly become intoxicated/moribund. Some move to surface.

57 Neonicotinoids 10-30g AI/100kg seed Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z *Wireworms are intoxicated while crop establishes *Most wireworms recover fully by mid-summer

58 Neonicotinoids 10-30g AI/100kg seed Late spring to mid summer, click beetles lay eggs in wheat and neonate wireworms are produced. BUT, no kill of neonates occurs with neonicotinoids.

59 Neonicotinoids 10-30g AI/100kg seed -Great crop establishment and yield, BUT *The result? -Little reduction in resident wws and no reduction of neonates -Wireworms are there the next year -True for all neonicotinoids tested

60 The search goes on for Lindane replacement(s): -Crop Protection -Neonate + Resident wireworm kill -New Silver bullets??????

61 Wireworm Control in Potatoes

62 Growing Forward II initiative: -Canadian Hort. Council Wireworm Cluster Project Annual potato insecticide trials conducted in BC, PEI and other areas across Canada.

63 Plot preparation -Roundup in March -Field disced, not ploughed -Clods removed -Furrows opened -Seeding by hand Harvests done at 100 and 120 DAP Leona Arnold 1 yrs grading experience 63

64 bait trapping in the following spring

65 Present at planting options in potato production across Canada. Granular insecticides In-Furrow Sprays Seed-Piece Treatments Thimet 20G (OP) Actara (N) Admire (N) Titan (N) Actara (N) Admire (N) Pyrifos (OP) No MRL For USA Pyrinex (OP) Capture (P) 65

66 This combination has solved the wireworm problem in potatoes in BC in place of Thimet! Granular insecticides In-Furrow Sprays Seed-Piece Treatments Thimet (OP) Actara (N) Admire (N) Titan (N) Actara (N) Admire (N) Pyrifos (OP) Pyrinex (OP) Capture (P) 66

67 % of Control Agriotes obscurus Efficacy Trials (Agassiz: ) Control Thimet 15G (phorate) Pyrinex 480EC (chlorpyrifos) Capture 2EC (bifenthrin) (300g) N = 13 N = 13 N = 9 N = Blemishes Large wws Small wws

68 % of Control Wireworm Efficacy Trials (Agassiz: ) Control Thimet 15G Pyrinex 480EC + Titan ST (6.3g) Capture 2EC (200g) + Titan ST (6.3g) N = 13 N = 13 N = 9 N = Blemishes Large wws Small wws

69 How does Capture work? Repulsive to wireworms in all lab studies When sprayed in furrow at planting, repels wireworms moving to seeded rows. Force field idea. The wider the seed furrow, the better the force field. The better the coverage of seed furrow, the better the force field. The more water the better!

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71 blem/tuber blem/tuber Untreated Thimet 15G Insecticide Efficacy Trials at PARC, Agassiz Mean wireworm blemishes per market-sized tuber Capt 300 Capt 200 Capt 100 Titan 12.5 Titan Capt 200 EP 1 EP 2 EP 3 EP 4 EP 5 EP 6 EP 7 EP 8 EP 9 EP 10 EP 11 EP 12 EP 13 EP 14 5 Harvest 1 (100 DAP) Harvest 2 (120 DAP)

72 Thank you!!!!