Livelihoods Framework

Transcription

1 ICARDA Livelihoods Framework Aden A Aw Hassan

2 ICARDA Program objectives Improve the livelihoods of farming communities through: Adoption of water management technologies; Increase efficieny and economic use of water resources Farmer capacity development, Income generating activities

3 Talking points Livelihood framework Definitions Livelihoods tools, measurement, analysis Key to livelihood impact adoption Promoting impact??

4 ICARDA Definitions Livelihood capital assets Livelihood strategies Livelihood outcomes

5 Sustainable Livelihood Framework ICARDA Livelihood Capital Assets & Capabilities Human Social Natural Livelihood Strategies Physical Financial

6 Livelihood Concept DfID "A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets and activities required for a means of living. Livelihoods are sustainable when they can cope with and recover from stresses and shocks and maintain or enhance the capabilities or assets, while not undermining the natural resource base." Vulnerability Context Shocks Trends Seasonality S P Livelihood Policies, Livelihood Assets Institutions & Outcomes Markets H F N Structures level of government private sector Laws policies culture institutions Markets Livelihood Strategies to achieve more income increased well being bi reduced vulnerability improved food security more sustainable use of NR base F = Financial Capital (savings, credit, remittances, pensions) H = Human Capital (skills, employment, knowledge/info, health) N = Natural Capital (land, water, biodiversity, wildlife, environment) P = Physical Capital (energy, transport, shelter, water IS, commons) S = Social Capital (trust, groups, networks, access to institutions)

7 ICARDA Analyzing Livelihoods Qualitative ti Quantitative

8 ICARDA Qualitative Approach Qualitative approach (Rapid or participatory p rural appraisal): Tools Visual Exercises using drawing, mapping such as resource mapping, etc Ranking exercises Time trend analysis Problem tree analysis Cause and effect analysis Stakeholder analysis Gender specific analysis Process (With whom and how): Semi structured interviews of key informants using prepared p checklist guides Focus group discussions in depth household case studies

9 ICARDA Quantitative approach Questionnaire survey statistics Economic models

10 Main message Qualitative and quantitative approaches are complementary one seeks in depth understanding di of the cotext t and processes Theother makes quantitative estimates of The other makes quantitative estimates of different indicators

11 ICARDA Limitation of SLF Livelihoods framework is good conceptual model but not a good analytical tool

12 ICARDA Livelihood characterization Earlier work: Household shares of income earned from different sources used to compare between income percentiles Income shares and household characteristics The common denominator of those approaches is pp that data on realized incomes underpin the classification

13 Comparing income shares by wealth quartiles by source, Yemen sites (Yemeni iriyals) ) Mean 600, ,000 Remittance Off-farm labour Crop products Livestock products Labour wage in agriculture labour wage outside agriculture Governmental job Remittance from abroad Other sources 200,000 Livestock 0 Lowest 25% 25%-50% 50% 50%-75% Top 25% Wealth quartiles Government job

14 ICARDA Identifying Livelihoods Strategies by HH 120 income shares by source % incom 80 me Farming Herding No off farm work 28 Off farm work 3 82 Off farm work No off farm work Labourers Agriculturalists Pastoralist Crops* Off farmwork Animal p. Fattening

15 Poverty levels ICARDA Per capita income (USD/a day) Farming Herding No off farm work Off farm work Off farm work No off farm work Labourers Agriculturalists Pastoralist

16 ICARDA Weaknesses of income based livelihood characterization Sustainable livelihood approaches typically focus on allocation across distinct activities (agent g behavior) ) rather than on income outcomes (which are heavily affected by stochastic exogenous factors). The classification are based on inherently arbitrary decisions by external observer (researcher).

17 ICARDA Operationalizing Livelihood strategies (Brown et al 2006) Existence of discernible ordering of livelihood strategies Improving livelihoods concept suggests that certain strategies offer households a higher return on their assets. Improvement has occurred when households graduate from low to high return strategy. This require a method for defining the boundaries of different livelihood strategies.

18 Alternative livelihood characterization based on farmer s asset allocation problem Utility (income) maximizing i i household h faces the problem of optimal allocation of its asset endowments. max U A i i y i f i i A i i s.t. i A i A 0 Where yi is an stochastic return from an activity i f is an increasing function relating household assets in activity i Ai household assets allocated for activity i εi is an error term that represents unexpected shocks to activity income and any measurement error. Brown et. al, 2006

19 ICARDA The approach requires: Method: to classify household asset Method: to classify household asset endowment into different livelihood strategies.

20 ICARDA Identifying asset based livelihood strategies. Use K mean cluster analysis a sto identify different e livelihood typologies The assets included dwere: Land, Rainfed land, Irrigated land, Livestock, Participation in off farm work, Education head, Use of formal credit

21 ICARDA Example of K mean cluster analysis Eight distinct livelihood clusters identified Cluster 1 LLH strategy Medium size rainfed crop livestock strategy 2 Mixed crop and off-farm f employment 3 Livestock-lead strategy 4 Small scale mixed crop livestock 5 Irrigated crop production 6 Crop-lead mixed crop livestock 7 Unskilled off farm employment 8 Balanced mixed crop livestock

22 Poverty indicators of different hh groups with different livelihood lih strategies t Cluster 1 2 LLH strategy Rainfed crop livestock strategy Mixed crop and off-farm employment Number of cases Percent in sample Daily per capita income Poverty head count % Livestock-lead strategy Small scale mixed crop livestock Irrigated crop production Crop-lead mixed crop livestock Unskilled off farm employment Balanced mixed crop livestock Total All

23 ICARDA Presenting income data Poverty line lative densit ty (%) Cumu Per Capita daily Income ($)

24 The Egypt HH survey Comprehensive LL survey With very rich data set Technician Liv vestock Others Mechanical Builder Working in Teacher Carpenter Crop Farming Employee Merchant Driver HH characteristics Income Technology use and constraints Potential income generating options

25 The necessary condition for ICARDA research impact ADOPTION When is technology adopted? Who adopted it? How many people adopted it? What costs and benefits are drawn? Why is it not adopted? We must measure this? And monitor adoption

26 Early adopters Early majority Late majority Laggards Diffusion curve Disaddoption

27 Water saving and soil conservation Laser leveling, Dry cultivation of clover, Planting wheat by planters Transplanting rice by machines Manure composting Soil application of gypsum Improved crop varieties practices Egypt

28 Promoting impact FTF is good because it pushes us to think of outcomes But research outcomes will NOT come by more research need different kind of activities Engagement with users in extension mode, communication, examining constraints more closely, etc Is there research in extension/promotion? YES. Diagnostic studies why adoption is slow? constraint analysis Development research (control experiment trials)

29 27% of the surveys were filled by women Gender (Egypt) Female landholders were estimated at 9% 40 households Even if women were responsible for managing the land they did so tentatively until their children grew up and assumed responsibility. Even if land was registered in the name of females, they would not manage it they leave it for relatives. If l lti b f di th If no male relative can be found in the family, they lease the land and get revenue from it.

30 We must: Conclusion come up with the minimum understanding of the rural livelihoods, its diversity and drivers, and threats and opportunities define water related related technologies, their feasibility and appropriateness dt determine the level lof technology adoption and constraints t fine ways of supporting rural households with other income generating interventions. All these must be analyzedwith genderdisaggregatedperspective disaggregated Consider the credibility of the uptake (adoption) information

31 Opportunities Training i workshop kh on livelihoods lih analysis/research impact/water productivity February 2013 ICARDA training course livelihoods/adoption and impact assessment ICARDA graduate student grants: 1 MSc and 1 PhD

32 ICARDA Thanks you for your attention ti