Blue Revolution: Farming Water to Grow Food

Transcription

1 Blue Revolution: Farming Water to Grow Food Chris Hartleb Professor of Fisheries Biology Director Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility Aquaponic Innovation Center

2 Revolutions American French Industrial Green

3 Blue Revolution

4 If Modern Agriculture Were Invented Today It Probably Wouldn t Be Allowed It pollutes the environment Pesticides Fertilizers Nutrients Feed and waste Damages habitats and wildlife Domesticated animals are stocked at high densities Hormones Antibiotics

5 All Farming Alters and Damages The Environment Most agriculture has the luxury of polluting the landscape first and worrying about the consequences later. Aquaculture is Johnny come lately Must address environmental, social, and economic concerns.

6 For Comparison Black Angus beef versus Atlantic salmon Hanging weight of Black Angus is 70% of live weight; edible meat is 42% of live weight. Gutted Atlantic salmon is 84% of live weight; salmon fillet is 50% of live weight. Benthos under a salmon cage chemically remediates in 6 months 1 year; & biologically remediates in 2 years. An old growth forest cleared for cattle pasture will remediate in >200 years. Type of food Live weight (kg) Edible portion (kg) Yield Spatial footprint (ha) Remediation time (years) Atlantic salmon 2,500,000 1,250, Angus beef cattle 2,976,190 1,250, ,982 >200

7 Where Will They Come From?

8 Aquaculture Overtakes Commercial

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11 Fish Facts Producer National total (million tons) Share of world total (%) China > Global fish production has grown at an average annual rate of 3.2% over the past 50 years. Per capita fish consumption has increased from 9.9 kg in the 1960 s to 19.2 kg in Population growth Expansion of fish production India Vietnam Indonesia Bangladesh Norway Thailand Chile Egypt Myanmar Philippines Brazil Japan Republic of Korea USA Top 15 subtotal >61.7 million 92.7

12 Trade Imbalance Fish and fish products are the single largest food commodities that are traded internationally. 80% of seafood consumed in U.S. is imported. 1% of seafood imported into U.S. is inspected.

13 How Should Aquaculture As An Industry Grow? Technology innovation and transfer: Breeding Disease control Feeds & nutrition Low impact production systems Spatial planning Reward sustainability Shift to low-trophic species

14 Aquaculture Uses More Wild Fish Than It Produces Aquaculture uses ½ metric ton of wild fish to produce one metric ton of farmed seafood. Net producer of protein Fish are best at feed conversion Fish don t need fishmeal and oil. It is nearly the perfect balance for nutrition Fish meal content of fish feed was 70% in 1972 but is 35% today.

15 Farmed Fish Aren t Safe To Eat No Farmed fish are on the avoid list due to contaminants. Only one ocean ranched fish is on the avoid list and it is due to pollution (Atlantic salmon). U.S. seafood it regulated by: Food & Drug Administration National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration U.S. Department of Agriculture Environmental Protection Agency

16 Farmed Fish Are Contaminated Growth hormones are not allowed in U.S. aquaculture. Non-theraputic use of antibiotics is not allowed in U.S. aquaculture.

17 Fish Waste Harms the Ecosystem Only net-pen aquaculture was identified. Modern net-pen facilities must meet strict federal and state standards. Farmers monitor feed input because it is the most expensive part of the operation.

18 Farmed Fish Don t Taste Good Rank Type Pounds/person 1 Shrimp* Canned tuna Salmon* 1.84 You re already eating them. > 50% of seafood consumed is farm-raised. 4 Tilapia* Pollock Catfish* Crab Cod Pangasius (Basa, Asian catfish)* Clams? 0.34

19 UWSP-Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility Bayfield, WI The mission of the UWSP-Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility is to promote public education and advance the discovery, dissemination and application of knowledge for sustainable aquaculture in a northern climate. This is accomplished through technology transfer, applied research, demonstration, education and outreach.

20 All Types of Production Systems

21 Recirculating (Recycle) Aquaculture

22 Flow-through (Raceways)

23 Ponds

24 UWSP-NADF Recipe for Success = Partnerships Protocol for lake herring production Collaboration with Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Stock enhancement for Great Lakes Feasibility of raising Arctic char in recirculating systems AquaTerra, Bristol, WI Atlantic salmon Vancouver, BC Hybrid walleye Northside Enterprises, Black Creek, WI

25 Growth Rates of Walleye & Hybrids Weight gain of Hybrid Walleye R eared in R ecycle S ystem at 23 C G rowout phas e III-IV DGR =1.4 g/day Grams F ingerling phas e II DGR =0.5 g/day Da ys P ost Ha tc h

26 Edible Success Hybrid walleye in under 1-year

27 Promote Responsible Aquaculture

28 Aquaponics Aquaponics is an integrated, soilless system for raising fish and plants. Benefits: Sustainable and natural Highly efficient Conservative uses of resources, water, space and labor Free of pesticides, herbicides and chemical fertilizers Produces both a protein and a vegetable crop from one integrated system Continuous production of food 365 days per year

29 Nutrient Film Technique

30 Media Beds

31 Raft / Deep Water Culture

32 Compromise Bacteria Parameter Temperature: Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter ph: Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter Optimum Range o F / o C o F / o C Compromise: Temperature: o F / o C ph = 7.0 Plants Parameter Temperature Range o F / o C ph Preferred: Maximum: Fish Parameter Temperature Range o F / o C ph

33 Diet similarities Heterotrophic additions Why It Works Controlled environment agriculture = year-round production Fish Phosphorus Manganese Copper Iron Potassium Calcium Magnesium Zinc Cobalt Selenium Iodine Protein Plants Phosphorus Manganese Copper Iron Potassium Calcium Magnesium Zinc Boron* Molybdenum* Sulfur* Nitrogen

34 Aquaponics as a Commercial Industry Status - Small but rapidly growing industry experiencing exponential growth. Driven by: Food security & Food quality Community demand for locally grown Limited fresh water and land Industry Needs - Industry and student demand for further education in aquaponics. Enthusiasm > Knowledge Employment opportunities Food security for all nations Currently have Investors looking to establish large commercial ventures. Students looking for information on how to pursue a career in aquaponics. Further research in crop diversity and system efficiency Aquaponics survey respondents by zip code (Love et al PLoS ONE 9(7).)

35 Aquaponics Innovation Center Funded as part of the UW-System Economic Development Incentive Grant Nelson and Pade, Inc. Demonstration Greenhouse UWSP-Aquaponics Innovation Center

36 Aquaponics Innovation Center Meeting the Needs of an Industry Educational opportunities Economic incubator for an industry Catalyst for economic growth Commercialize discoveries New business innovation Economic development in blue-green industry

37 Results Growing an Industry Partnership Education Research Innovation

38 Change Aquaculture needs to improve < 30 years of large-scale commercial aquaculture Domestication People need to change. Farm down the food chain Water recycle systems

39 How Green is the Blue Revolution? Enjoy!