Late blight management in developing countries

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2 Late blight management in developing countries J. Andrade-Piedra, H. Lindqvist-Kreuze, W. Perez, S. Gamboa, R. Orrego, M. Gastelo, A. Taipe, C. Velasco, A. Njoroge, P. Kromann International Potato Center (CIP), Lima, Quito, Nairobi Corresponding author s j.andrade@cgiar.org

3 Outline LB in developing countries The cornerstone: Host resistance Knowing the pathogen: pathogen population studies Helping farmers to use fungicides: Decision support systems It is all about the farmers: Training Perspectives

4 Top ten priorities for RTB partners No. Topic Mean LAC SSA ESEA SWCA 1 Late blight management Late blight breeding Breeding for drought tolerance Breeding for earliness Production and dist. of planting materials (formal) Improving soil fertility Germplasm enhancement and pre-breeding Breeding for high yield Development of farmer organizations Improving potato cropping systems RTB 2014

5 Farmers response (%) Others Tuber rot Potato flea bettle Potato tuber moth Black scurf Early blight potato cut worm Frost Andean potato weevil Late blight 0 20 Ulcumayo Paucartambo Perez et al., 2017

6 Sprays in rainy season < > Ulcumayo Paucartambo Perez et al., 2017

7 R. Harari W. Pérez

8 HOST RESISTANCE: Population B B1 adg x adg B1C5 B2 adg x tbr B2C2 B3 S. demisum, tbr, acaule Bulb, andigena B3C3 LBHT B3C1, LBXY, Var. tbr Selection for: Resistance to LB Agronomic and quality traits Tolerances to abiotic stresses heat, drought tolerance Early maturity Immunity to PVY, PVX Adaptation to wide range of environments (day length) A. Gastelo

9 Population Elite Clones B3C1 56 B3C2 57 B3C3 50 B1C5 71 LBHT 44 Releas. Var. ± 70* ~ 15 countries A. Gastelo

10 HOST RESISTANCE: Genetically engineered potato with 3 R genes stacked into farmer preferred varieties Confined field trial (CFT) in Uganda. Natural infestation and no fungicide sprays P. infestans population monitored before and during the CFTs No virulent pathogen phenotypes found A. Njoroge, M. Ghislain

11 PATHOGEN POPULATION STUDIES: Example from Kenya and Uganda Red 2A-1 (Potato) Blue US-1 (Potato) Cyan US-1 (Tomato) sampling, 2_A1 dominates five countries in East Africa 2_A1 is more aggressive than US- 1 and causes severe stem blight in East Africa A. Njoroge

12 PATHOGEN POPULATION STUDIES: Example from Peru PE-3 = 5.4% US-1 = 2.8% EC-1 = 91.8% Genetic Diversity Using 12 plex SSRs (Li 2013) High variability, 141 MLGs EC-1 predominant lineage Cultivated potato: EC-1 and PE-3 Alternate host: EC-1 and US-1 Dendogram of 749 P. infestans isolates, including five reference isolates PPU103, POX067, PCZ007, PCA023 y POX119, obtained using neighbor joining in DARwin 5.0. Bootstrap values are based in replicates. S. Gamboa and H. Linqvist-Kreuze

13 PATHOGEN POPULATION STUDIES: Example from Peru Wild Solanaceae's infected with P. infestans: S. americanum S. zanlbrukneri S. ochrantum S. candolleanum S. acaule S. muricatum S. grandidentatum S. caripense S. huancabambense Iochroma grandiflorum S. Gamboa and H. Linqvist-Kreuze

14 DISEASE MANAGEMENT: Decision Support System (DSS) Host Weather conditions Period since last spray application Recommendation Perez et al.

15 DISEASE MANAGEMENT: Decision Support System (DSS) Susceptible Mod. Resistant Resistant Perez et al.

16 Development and validation of the DSS Perú and Ecuador experiments 51 epidemics 13 varieties Perez et al.

17 DSS test in Ecuador: Randomized Control Trial Group 1: 150 farmers using conventional LB management A. Taipe et al.

18 DSS test in Ecuador: Randomized Control Trial Group 2: 150 Farmers using DSS, including training and backstopping A. Taipe

19 IT IS ALL ABOUT THE FARMER: Training

20 CIP recognized with award of excellence at the International Pest Management Symposium Oscar Ortiz and Modesto Olanya

21 Perspectives Characterization of wild and cultivated Solanaceae (300 accessions) to find new sources of resistance Artificial intelligence algorithms and apps to diagnose late blight and other diseases Decision support system adapted for developing countries using apps Alliances with private sector to develop Latin Blight, Asia Blight and Africa Blight

22 The International Potato Center (known by its Spanish acronym CIP) is a research-for-development organization with a focus on potato, sweetpotato, and Andean roots and tubers. CIP is dedicated to delivering sustainable science-based solutions to the pressing world issues of hunger, poverty, gender equity, climate change and the preservation of our Earth s fragile biodiversity and natural resources. CIP is a member of CGIAR CGIAR is a global agriculture research partnership for a food secure future. Its science is carried out by the 15 research centers who are members of the CGIAR Consortium in collaboration with hundreds of partner organizations.