The Beef Industry in Syria

Transcription

1 Samir Grad Assignment2 The Beef Industry in Syria The growing interest in animal breeding especially beef is the result of the major role to be played by animal production as a main source of income, as a basic source of individual food consumption and energy requirements, and as a principal factor for increasing land productivity (following the limited possibilities to acquire additional land for cultivating plant production). Thus, the share of animal production in agricultural production amounted to 33.84% and that of plant production to 66.16%. Table 1 shows that the economic importance of beef production is derived from its position as a second source for red meat consumption after sheep and as a first source for milk consumption. Table 1: The economic importance of beef production in 1999 Commodity Value of production Mill.Sp Share in Agricultural production % Animal production % Red meat 2 Beef meat 3= 3/ % 9.2% Milk 4 Beef milk 5 = 5/ % 81.4% To study the major actors in the beef industry, the marketing chain was divided in two integrated sub-chains: the beef (meat) chain and the milk chain. Figure 1 and figure 2 describe the agents operating in the chains, the flow percentages among them, and the major input and output commodities. The main actors are the input suppliers, the farming system, the slaughtering establishments, the processing plants, the traders(wholesalers, exporters, importers, retailers), the end-users, and the government institutions. Input suppliers The major input suppliers are the general establishment for fodder, the general establishment for cattle (It will be discussed in the farming system), the private fodder firms, and the rest of the world. The general establishment for fodder (GEF): It was established to provide the farmers with concentrate fodder in order to achieve high yield breeding because there were no private sector firms. Its services are spread out in all governorates (counties). It purchases grain and farm by-products from farmers and imports fodder additives in order to process fodder concentrates. Moreover, it is a profit oriented public establishment, which compete with the private agents on equal footing. However, its role in fodder supply is declining regarding the privatization process and the establishment of private fodder firms.

2 BEEF CHAIN IN/OUT Commodities and Flow Percentages Input Suppliers 39.8% 58.9% 1.3% Live Steers Live Steers Live Steers Private Farms Co-Operatives State Farms Fat.Live St.,Cows By-Pr. Fat.Live St.,Cows By-Pr. Fat.Live St.,Cows By-Pr. 94% 94% 94% 100% Fattend Live Steers, Live Cows By-Products Live Animal Wholesalers Farm By-Product Users Fat. Live Steers, Live Cows,Carcasses By-Products Out of Chain 100% 100% 100% Fattend Live Steers, Live Cows Slaughter House (public/private) Steer Carcasses,Cow Carcasses By-Products 100% 100% Cow Meat Ready Processed Meat Plants Small Cans Big Cans 99.7% 99.1% Processed Meat Processed Meat Wholesalers Processed Meat 100% Steer Carcasses,Cow Carcasses Carcasses Wholesalers Cow Meat Ready Steers,Cow Carcasses By-Products 99.9% 100% 100% Processed Meat Steer Carcasses,Cow Carcasses Processed Meat Retailers Carcasses Retailers Processed Meat Fresh Meat Ready 100% 100% 100% Processed Meat Fresh Meat Ready By-Products Processed Meat Fresh Meat Ready Meat By-Product Consumers Consumers Users Out of Chain Out of Chain Out of Chain By-Products Main Products Note: Squares, not bolded, are out of chain Figure 1: In/Out Commodities and Flow Percentages of the Beef Chain 2

3 Cow milk chain In/Out Commodities Input Suppliers Milk Powder,Butter Foreign market Milk Powder Butter,Ghee Cow females Cow females Cow females Private Farms Co-op. Farms State Farms D.Pro. Milk O.P D.Pro. Milk O.P Other Prod. Milk 100% 100% 100% 91.70% 68.29% 2% Other prod 14% Other-product users 68.43% Out of Chain 2% 14% Fresh Milk Milk Home Processing Fresh Milk Wholesalers Cheese Butter Ghee Yoghurt Labneh Others Milk 92% 30.8% MP But.,Gh. 4% Importers MP But.,Gh 11% Fresh Milk Milk Powder Private Dairy Firms Cheese St.P.M Yogh.. Lab. Oth. 0.92% 99% 8% 40.27% 69.2% Fresh Milk Fresh Milk Milk Powder But.,Gh Traditional Processing State Dairy Firms Cheese Cream Yoghurt Lab.Oth. Cheese St.M. Ghee Yogh.L But.,Gh 93.81% 99% 100% Cheese Sterilized Milk Yogh.L. Past.Milk Oth. Ghee Cream Milk Powder Butter Dairy wholesalers Cheese Sterilized Milk Yogh.L. Past. Milk Butter Ghee Cream Oth. Powder Milk 54.59% 100% 89% 89.41% 93.2% 93.2% 90.7% Cheese Lab.,Others Ghee Butter Yoghurt F.Milk Cream St.Past.Milk Powder Milk Dairy Retailers Cheese Lab.,Oth. Yogh.L. Fresh Milk Butter Ghee Cream St.Past.Milk Powder Milk 89% 95% 96.6% 96.6% 94.79% 94.72% 100% 100% Cheese Butter Ghee Yoghurt Lab.,Oth. Fresh Milk Cream St.Past.Milk Powder Milk Consumers Out of Chain Milk Dairy Products Other Products Figure 2: flow Diagram -In/Out Commodities of Cow Milk Chain 3

4 The private fodder firms: They are new in the business. Therefore, they have not acquired the full confidence of their costumers because the processing quality is lower than the GEF. However, their competition with the GEF led to decreased fodder prices. The Farming System The first actors in the marketing chain are the production activities, which represent the farming system. Accordingly, the agricultural sector represents one of the main sectors in the national economy. The responsibility of agricultural sector, which consists of the sum of farms, is to produce agricultural commodities, including food commodities, for the population, the agro- industry, and for export. Thus, the main objective of farms is to supply a determined quantity of plant and animal products according to the quality needed and to their size. This function can not be achieved without coordination with the other sectors of the economy especially the industrial and trade sectors. Agricultural products and the areas of agricultural production are very differentiated. However, the production of all farms should be complying at least, with the aggregate demand for agricultural products. The farm produces its share from aggregate demand at the least costs according to the needs of society for food commodities, agricultural staples, and natural and economical conditions of production. Table 1 in the annex shows the development of beef production according to the type of beef (Local, Shami, Improved, Imported) and its distribution according to governorates and table 2 in the annex shows the cow milk production and its distribution according to products and governorates. It is to highlight that there is an enormous increase in the number of improved cattle (high yield) and that cattle breeding is concentrated mostly in the southern, middle, and coast areas. farms. There are three types of farms in Syria: private farms, co-operatives, and state The private farms are farms that belong to private individuals. They can be divided according to their size into small, middle, and large sizes. The small size farms can not benefit from economies of scales and achieve a balanced growth of plant and animal production. The private farms can be specialized or mixed (animal and plant activities). They work according to the general plan and strategy of the government for plant production. They account for 39.8% of beef production and 16.78% of cow milk production. They fatten and breed cattle of local, shami, improved, and imported type.the number of holding reached (26722) holder whose their holding size is between (1- > 50) heads. The small -size holdings between (1-4) heads are dominant. Fattening and breeding are concentrated in Homs, Hama,Tartus,and Deir-Ezour.They produce according to their production possibilities. The government subsidizes them with veterinary services and does not plan their production. They sell their production of steers to live animal wholesalers according to supply and demand conditions. Moreover, the private farms keep the milk quantity required for self- consumption and sell the rest at current prices to home processing, fresh milk wholesalers, and consumers. They produce ghee, butter, cheese yogurt, labneh, and others ( Labneh without fat -Kariesh ). However, production methods are inadequate in comparison with industrial firms. Again, they keep part of their products for home- consumption and sell the rest at current prices to dairy retailers. 4

5 The basis of most farmers co-operatives is to achieve economies of scale in transport and other services, and to raise the bargaining power of farmers over the price and other conditions of sales of their products and of farm inputs. The co-operatives in Syria work according to the general plan and strategy of the government to achieve the following main objectives: Developing production to improve the economic and social conditions of their members. Using modern technologies in agriculture. Organizing the planting of land collectively according to government plan. Organizing all kinds of credits according to their needs. Management of their land. Using of modern machinery and managing it economically. Subsidizing rural processing. Marketing of agricultural products. Managing own production activities. The cooperatives can be of following types: 1. Multiple goal co-operatives: They provide the farmers with the following services: Supplying of agricultural production inputs. Storing of agricultural crops. Buying agricultural machinery and instruments. Marketing of agricultural crops. Credits. Education and training activities. Research. The number of multiple goal co-operatives in 1999 reached (4102) with a total holding number of (693414) members. 2. Specialized co-operatives They are specialized in one kind of activity such as sheep raising, cow raising, sheep fattening, cow fattening, etc. In 1999 the number of specialized co-operatives was (1230) with a total holding number of (191127) members. 3. Production co-operatives They can be specialized or mixed. Their activities include plant- production, cow keeping, and fishery. The number of production co-operatives was (5) co-operatives with a total holding number of (597) members. 4. Marketing co-operatives They are specialized in fruits, vegetables, and in animal products. In 1999 their number was (24) (2 for each governorate) with a total holding number of (17118) members. Table 3 in the annex shows the various types of cooperatives, their number, and their members. The cooperatives account for 58.9% of beef production and 81.62% of milk production. They fatten local, shami, improved, and imported steers and keep also the same types of 5

6 cattle. Fattening cooperatives can be specialized and non-specialized. Their production will be sold to live animal wholesalers in current prices. Keeping co-operative farms keep the milk quantity required for self- consumption and sell the rest at current prices to homeprocessing, fresh milk wholesalers, and consumers. They produce ghee, butter, cheese yogurt, labneh, and others ( labneh without fat -kariesh),but in an inadequate way in comparison with industrial firms. Again, they keep part of their products for home consumption and sell the rest at current prices to dairy retailers. The small sizes between (1-4 ) heads are dominant.this will results in non -utilization of economies of scale. Fattening and keeping are concentrated in Homs, Hama Tartous, and Deir-Ezour. The government subsidizes the farmers with veterinary services, but does not plan their production. However, they are affiliated with the General Farmers Union. The State farms have a government management. All fixed assets and returns to factors of production belong to the government. Labor gets wages. They account for 1.3% of beef production and 1.6% of milk production. Their aim is cows keeping and fattening, providing incentive to increase production and to cover domestic consumption at the least cost, supplying of production inputs, and providing services for farmers. There are / 13 / firms with different performance that belong to the state farms in the various governorates. A commission that works out the plan according to the state orientations manages the state farms. The farms sell the production to the live animals wholesalers in the current prices according to demand and supply conditions. They keep only imported cows. Therefore, the productivity is higher than both the private and the cooperative sector. They fatten steers of their own production and sell the rest of calves to the private and co-operative sectors. The milk will be sold to state dairy companies. Table 4 in the annex shows the structure and performance data of the state farms. Slaughtering Plants They are divided into public and private slaughterhouses. Both kinds of slaughterhouses provide services to live animals wholesalers. Ministry of Supply, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Local Management control the slaughterhouses. Private slaughterhouses compete strongly with public slaughterhouses. Therefore, the slaughter capacity in public ones has been decreasing dramatically. Processors There are three types of processing: Family level: This kind of Processing provides a greater diet diversity giving consumers access to a wider range of products and, hence, vitamins and minerals, than they would otherwise consume. The most basic level is food preservation which, in various forms, has been traditionally practiced by families for generations. It helps provide food when other sources are scarce. Meat preservation through drying, salting, smoking, and dairy products processing such as cheese, yogurt, butter, etc. are few examples of processing at family level. This kind of processing is private. Village level: Village based processing includes basic transformation for which there is potentially a market. It can be done on an individual or group basis and provides 6

7 employment for millions of rural people and an additional income. Mostly, village based processing takes place, when the raw material is perishable, can t be stored for a long time, and needs to be moved over long distances. For example, fresh meat, and milk in Albadia are a few examples. This kind of processing is private. Large scale level: This kind of processing takes place where urban populations require processed foods in large quantities or spreads among rural communities where it offers the twin advantages of processing perishable crops and animal products; it is close to the sources of raw material and provides employment for rural people. Large scale processing is a mechanized process with high output capacities, which functions economically and efficiently. This kind of processing can be private and public. Public processing is usually often inefficient because of high production and management costs. Meat Processing The main product of meat processing is canned mortadella in tow sizes for domestic consumption only and for low-income consumers. This means that there is no product diversification and no high quality product as well as a low performance. The production is industrialized. The firms used imported meat in the past, which pretty cheap in comparison with the local prices; Therefore, the firms realized extra profit. However, following the ban on imported meat (mad cow problem), the profit of firms has decreased dramatically. Moreover, lacking the inadequate quality assurance system in most firms will negatively affect the sales of the firms in the near future. Therefore, the firms began to practice the quality assurance systems (Iso-9002, HACCP). Both the Ministry of Supply and the Ministry of Health control the product quality. The five dominant processing companies are Somar,Afia,Dairawan,Sairawan,and Abud. Their employment is about (186) workers and their sales mount to(250) Millions. All firms sell for the same prices. Thus, the competitiveness among the processors is determined by the product quality. The production is concentrated in Damascus. The firms sell their product to processed meat wholesalers. Dairy Processing The aim of home- processing is to buy fresh milk from private and co-operative farms at current prices and transforms it to cheese, butter, ghee, yogurt, labneh, and others. The processing is very primitive and inadequate compared with industrial processing. Extension service is needed to improve this kind of processing. Home -processing sells its products directly to consumers at current prices. Traditional processing buys the fresh milk from fresh milk wholesalers and transforms it to cheese, cream, yogurt, labneh, and others. Traditional processing is inadequate compared with the industrial one. Hence, extension service is needed to improve this kind of processing. Traditional processing sells its products to dairy wholesalers at current prices. The private dairy companies have a production capacity of about / / ton of milk. They are distributed in the southern, central, and northern areas. The leading companies being: Karam, Syrian Finish Company, Al Mourouje, and Syrian-Saoudi. These companies have a production capacity of / / ton milk per year and /272/ employees. They produce cheese, sterilized and pasteurized milk, yogurt, labneh and others and sell their 7

8 products to dairy wholesalers at the prices determined by Ministry of Supply. The main problem for these companies lies in the high microbiological capacity and the inadequate transportation and collection of milk. Therefore, there is a need to provide extension service at farm level to help improve the milking process. Moreover, these companies do not function efficiently in view of their capacity. There are three state dairy companies located in Damascus, Homs, and Aleppo. Their production capacity is / / ton per year. The processed milk quantity in 1999 was / / Ton. Therefore, the processing is inadequate in view of their capacity. The number of employees is / 500 /. They produce cheese, sterilized and pasteurized milk, ghee, and butter and sell their products at the prices determined by Ministry of Supply. They purchase fresh milk from state farms and fresh milk wholesalers at current prices. However, butter and powder milk are purchased from foreign market at current prices. They suffer from the same inadequacy problems of private companies. Traders Traders can be wholesalers (including importers and exporters) and retailers. They are called intermediaries. Intermediates are important for the following two reasons: Farmers and processors cannot deal directly with ultimate consumers. They are not capable of producing, packaging, shelving, and selling to shoppers in stores at the same time. The costs of the intermediates might seem high, but without intermediates the costs of bringing buyers and sellers together would be even higher. Wholesalers A wholesaler is a business unit that buys and resells merchandise to retailers and other merchant and /or industrial, institutional, and commercial users. He doesn t sell in significant amounts to ultimate consumers. So, a wholesaler provides the following services: For his manufacturers or suppliers: He Provides a sales force to sell the goods to retailers and other buyers. Communicates manufacturers advertising deal and plan. Maintains inventory, thus reducing the level of the inventory suppliers have to carry. Arranges or undertake transportation. Provides capital by paying cash or quick payments for goods. Provides suppliers with market information they can not afford or are unable to obtain themselves. Undertakes credit risk by granting credit to customers and absorbing any bad debts, thus relieving the supplier of this burden. Assumes the risk for the product by taking title. For his customers: He Buys goods the end market will desire and make them available to customers. Maintains inventory, thus reducing customers costs. Transports goods to customers quickly. 8

9 Provides market information and business consulting services. Provides financing through granting credit to small retailers. Orders goods of the types and in the quantities desired by the customers. Live Animals Wholesalers They purchase live animals from state, private, and co-operative farms in current prices according to supply and demand conditions. They slaughter the animals in private and public slaughterhouses and sell them to carcass wholesalers. By-products are sold to by-product users. Ministry of Supply, Ministry of Local Management, and Ministry of Health control them. Carcass Wholesalers They buy carcasses from live animal wholesalers and sell carcasses as well as ready meat to carcass retailers and processors in current prices according to demand and supply conditions. Ministry of Supply, Ministry of Local Management, and Ministry of Health control them. They are specialized in this activity. Processed Meat Wholesalers They buy processed meat from processors and sell it to processed meat retailers according to processor decision. There are about (85) wholesalers. They distribute the product in all governorates and sell other processed products in addition to processed meat. Moreover, they provide processors with marketing information. Fresh Milk Wholesalers Fresh milk wholesalers buy milk from private and co-operative sectors and sell it to traditional processing units, private dairy firms, state dairy firms and mostly to dairy retailers at current prices. The transportation of milk is inadequate because of non-cooled transportation and the smaller containers. This increases the microbiological capacity and decreases the processing ability. Moreover, the milk production is strongly scattered which makes obstacles in milk collection. Therefore, it is very important to transport the milk in big cooled containers and to collect the milk in collection centers. Dairy Wholesalers Dairy wholesalers purchase dairy products from importers, traditional processing units, private dairy firms, and state dairy firms at current prices and sell their products to dairy retailers at current prices. They are specialized in this activity. Dairy Importers Dairy importers play an important role in the chain. They purchase dry milk, ghee, and butter from foreign market at current prices and sell their products to dairy wholesalers and private dairy firms at current prices. Retailers Retailing, which is a dynamic marketing activity that attempts to satisfy the needs of consumers, has a major influence on the economy. Businesses whose sales come primarily from selling goods and services directly to consumers to satisfy their needs are called retailers. Retailers have the following functions: 9

10 For suppliers: He Anticipates ultimate customer needs. Provides inventory storage and transportation. Finances inventories. Breaks bulk. Provides market information. Assumes product risk. Provides personal selling and advertising effort. For ultimate consumers: He Anticipates their product and service needs. Provides product storage and delivery. Breaks product bulk into acceptable size. Provides credit. Provides product and service information. Assumes risk by giving guarantees and after sale service. Carcass Retailers They buy carcasses from carcass wholesalers in current prices and sell ready meat to consumers in current prices. Ministry of Supply and Ministry of Health control them. Sometimes, they buy live animals from live animal wholesalers in irregularly undetermined quantities. For this reason, it was assumed that all quantities come from carcass wholesalers. They prepare also some sausages and hamburger but in undetermined limited quantities. The transport of carcasses is carried out in not cooled conditions. They are specialized in this activity. Processed Meat Retailers They buy the processed meat from processed meat wholesalers and sell it to the consumers in the final from Ministry of Supply determined prices. They are not specialized. Moreover, they provide wholesalers with information about consumers needs and problems. Dairy Retailers Dairy retailers are also important agents in the chain. They buy milk and dairy products from fresh milk wholesalers, dairy wholesalers, and private and co-operative farms at current prices and sell their products to consumers in the final from Ministry of Supply determined prices. They are non- specialized in this activity. End-Users End-user can be the purchasers of farm by-products and of meat by-products, the consumers, and the rest of the world. Consumers in Syria prefer the home-made products. However, the establishment of processing firm made him aware of high quality products. The consumer is trying to maximize his utility given his income level switching to more animal products in his diet. In general, there is an improvement in the nutritional level of the populations regarding receiving the required calories from animal sources. 10

11 Government institutions To improve the efficiency of the marketing system the government provides several services in addition to the privatization process and the enhancement of free trade. Therefore, the strategy of the government up to 2010 involves the following objectives: Expanding the production of vaccines, increasing vaccine production 5% annually up to 2005 to cover 50% of domestic consumption, and making surplus for export by The Ministry of Agriculture plans to establish a project to achieve this purpose. Improving green fodder supply and other fodder sources. Developing the rural industry for animal products and establishing industrial firms for animal products as well as for fodder through providing credits. Improving the information system and information technology. Comparison between the chains efficiency Table 2:Comparison between the marketing chains according to their efficiecy indicators Beef chain Cow milk Share of Share of Share of Share of cost to Value added cost to Value added revenue to cost revenue to cost Agent % % % % State Farms Private Farms Co-Operative Farms Total Farms Home Processing Traditional processing Processed Meat Plants State Dairy Firms Private Dairy Firms Total Processing Total Wholesalers Total Retailer Importer Exporter Sluaghterhouse Total Chain From the table it can be seen that the milk chain is more efficient than the meat chain because of higher profitability indicators. 11

12 Table 3: Share of Agent of the beef chain in Revenues, Cost, Value Added Share Share Share Share Agent in in in Value revenues Cost Added % % % State Farms 0.17% 0.17% 0.17% Private Farms 5.48% 3.70% 16.60% Co-operative Farms 8.23% 5.48% 25.25% Live Animal Wholesalers 20.08% 19.67% 21.58% Carcasses Wholesalers 22.23% 23.44% 14.70% Processed Meat Wholesalers 0.84% 0.84% 0.80% Carcasses Retailers 24.93% 25.81% 18.73% Processed Meat Retailers 0.93% 1.00% 0.50% Sluaghterhouse 16.33% 19.21% 0.33% Processed Meat Plants 0.78% 0.68% 1.35% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Share of the Agents of Beef Chain in Value Added State Farms Private Farms 19% 0%0% 1% 0% 17% Co-operative Farms Live Animal Wholesalers 1% Carcasses Wholesalers Processed Meat Wholesalers 15% 25% Carcasses Retailers Processed Meat Retailers 22% Sluaghterhouse Processed Meat Plants Figure 3: Share of the Agents of Beef Chain in Value Added 12

13 Table 4 : Share of Agents of the Milk Chain in Revenues, Cost, Value Added Share Share Share Share Agent in in in Value Revenues Cost Added % % % State Farms 0.48% 0.7% 0.84% Private Farms 4.81% 6.03% 11.7% Co-operative Farms 24.16% 38.19% 18.7% Fresh Milk Wholesalers 15.4% 26.2% 3.42% Dairy Wholesalers 12.5% 2.35% 6.67% Dairy Retailers 26.80% 1.16% 22.9% Importers 2.51% 3.86% 2.48% Home Processing 4.10% 5.57% 15.9% Traditional Processing 6.89% 11.9% 15.8% State Dairy Firms 1.24% 2.11% 0.53% Private Diary Firms 1.14% 1.86% 0.98% Total 100% 100% 100% 13

14 Share of the Agents of the Cow Milk Chain in Value Added State Farms Private Farms Co-operative Farms 16% 1% 1% 1% 12% Fresh Milk Wholesalers Dairy Wholesalers 19% Dairy Retailers 16% Importers Home Processing 2% 7% 3% Traditional Processing 22% State Dairy Firms Private Diary Firms Figure 4: Share of the Agents of Cow Milk Chain in Value Added Annex 14

15 Table1:Development of Cow Meat(Beef) Production According to Type Production: Ton Year Local Shami Improved Imported Total Share% Cows Cows Cows Cows Local Shami Improved Imported Govrnarate in 1999 Sweida Dara Quneitra Dam.Rural Dam.City Homs Hama Ghab Idleb Tartous Lattakia Aleppo Assad Est Al-Rakka G.A.D.E.B Dair-Ezzor Al-Hassaka Total

16 Table 2:Main Dairy Products of Cow Annex Year Cow Milk Total Consumed Ghee Butter Cheese Jughort Milk Fresh 4% 6% 17% Governarates Sweida Dara Quneitra Dam.Rural Dam.City Homs Hama Ghab Idleb Tartous Lattakia Aleppo Assad Est Al-Rakka G.A.D.E.B Dair-Ezzor Al-Hassaka Total

17 17

18 Table 3: The structure of co-operative sector according to governarates in 1999 ANNEX Kind of Co-operative Total Total Production Co-op. Animal Keeping Co. Fattening Co. Marketing Co. Maltiple Goal Co. Other Co-operatives Governarate number members Number members Number members Number members Number members Number members Number members Damascus Aleppo Homs Hama Latakia Idleb Deir-ez-zour Al-Hasakeh Al-Raka Al-Sweda Dara Tartous Al-Quneitra Total

19 Table 4:Structure and Performance data of State Farms ANNEX Farm Governarate Milk Milk Meat Calfs Labor Average Total Total Profit/ Name Productivity Production Production Number Revenues Cost Losses per of Cow Cattles kg Ton Ton Number Man Head 000S.P 000S.P 000S.P Jeb-Ramleh Hama Jorin Hama Al-Ghab Hama Deir-Ez-Zour Deir-Ez-Zour Taltamer Deir-Ez-Zour Fidio Latakia Al-Ghota Damascus Al-Zerbeh Aleppo Mascaneh Aleppo Dara Dara Homs Homs Tartous Tartous Ketian 2 Center Hama Total