Breeding Mushrooms. From applied to advanced science. Anton Sonnenberg

Transcription

1 Breeding Mushrooms From applied to advanced science Anton Sonnenberg

2 Mushroom Breeding vs Plant Breeding (I) Molecular techniques (genetic markers) Next generation sequencing technologies Breeding targets Breeding strategies Selection parental lines Breeding stock/elite lines etc. Segregation analyses (QTL/ mapping genes)

3 Mushroom Breeding vs Plant Breeding (II) Protection new varieties Plant patents/breeders Right Essentially Derived Varieties (EDV)

4 Breeding targets Target: growers, traders, food processors Yields (substrate utilisation utilisation) Disease resistance Shelflife (quality) Target: consumers/food companies (new products/markets) Taste Easeness in processing Nutritional values Bioactive compounds

5 Tomato and sweet pepper varieties

6 Variation in components related to taste Amino acids Nucleotides Sugars/sugar alcohols Umami Index Commercial

7 Source materials (Plant Breeding) Phenotypic (genotypic) variation Land races/commercial lines Advanced breeding stock/elite lines Exotic/wild material Mutated/GMO material

8 Evaluation of source materials Genotyping Cultivate selection representing genetic variation Phenotyping Substrate Climate 4-spored Californian Desert Selection of lines with desired phenotype Wild lines Commercial Brown varieties Wild lines White varieties Wild lines Off-White varieties

9 Basics in plant breeding(i) Breeding program Best performing strains Strains with opposite phenotype Hom_1 Hom_2 F1 Segregating population

10 Basics in plant breeding(ii) Estimating breeding value How performance in different backgrounds Heritability (h 2 >0.5)

11 Estimating Breeding value Estimating breeding of each haploid nucleus Heterokaryon A Heterokaryon B Heterokaryon C Heterokaryon D Hom. A 1 Hom. A 2 Hom. B 1 Hom. B 2 Hom. C 1 Hom. C 2 Hom. D 1 Hom. D 2

12 (Half) Diallel matrix A 1 A 2 B 1 B 2 C 1 C 2 D 1 D 2 A 1 A 2 A 1 B 1 A 1 B 2 A 1 C 1 A 1 C 2 A 1 D 1 A 1 D 2 A 2 B 1 A 2 B 2 A 2 C 1 A 2 C 2 A 2 D 1 A 2 D 2 B 1 B 2 B 1 C 1 B 1 C 2 B 1 D 1 B 1 D 2 B 2 C 1 B 2 C 2 B 2 D 1 B 1 D 2 C 1 C 2 C 1 D 1 C 1 D 2 C 2 D 1 C 2 D 2 D 1 D 1 Di-Mon crosses

13 Bruising sensitivity button mushrooms 19 homokaryons of Agaricus bisporus N8 O1 Z8 Z6 CH2A Q1 Q S3 Gao et al, PlosOne, 2013

14 Correlation between expected and observed Bruising Sensitivity BS of Flush 1 Expected BS of Flush 1

15 Advantages & drawbacks Diallel Matrix Advantages: Evaluation of a trait for each homokaryon in different genetic backgrounds (epistatic effects) Estimates of additive and dominance genetic effects Which are good donors or receptors? Estimate of the genetic gain ( G); i.e. predicted improvement of trait of interest Selection of parent of opposing phenotype for segregation analysis Drawbacks: Restriction with fungi due to mating (in)compatibility

16 How to use outcome Diallel Matrix Select lines with additive effect and combine in a new variety Hom_1 Hom_2 Hom_3 F1 F2 Segregating population

17 How to use Diallel Matrix Hom_1 Hom_2 Hom_3 Hom_4 F1 F1 Segregating population Segregating population Intercross

18 Breeding Program Genotype collection and make dedicated selection Thourough phenotyping Select heterokaryons Recover constituents nuclei as homokaryons Estimate breeding value in a diallel matrix Select homokaryons Generate breeding stock/new varieties in breeding program

19 Plant Variety Protection Breeders Right/Plant Patents Essentially derived varieties

20 Essentially Derived Varieties (EDVs) UPOV Definition: EDVs are mainly derived from the original variety, Wild lines EDVs are clearly distinguishable from the original 4-spored variety and Californian Desert Commercial EDVs have otherwise strong resemblance to the original variety Brown varieties Wild lines White varieties Wild lines Off-White varieties

21 Life cycle of the mushrooms Life cycle button mushroom 95% >90% Inbreeding 5% <10% Outbreeding

22 Introducing new traits Modifying protected varieties Homokaryotic mycelia Homokaryotic mycelia Variety: Months- 1 year Essentially derived variety Outbreeding: 4-10 year Plant Breeders Right

23 Working Group on EDV button mushrooms Sylvan, Amycel, Limgroup, Lambert Spawn, INRA Bordeaux, Wageningen UR Consensus within the breeding/spawn industry (position paper) Generating support and understanding within mushroom industry and governmental bodies Publish scientic paper in peer reviewed journal as reference Mushroom Business 90 (sept, 2013) ISMS/WSMBMP

24 Acknowledgements Plant Breeding Johan Baars Wei Gao Food & Biobased Research Jurriaan Mes Amrah Weijn Patrick Hendrickx Brian Lavrijssen José Kuenen Limgroup Maikel Aveskamp Jo Rutjens Marcel Visser Narges Sedaghat Telgerd Anton Sonnenberg