Name Period Section Due Date BIOMOLECULES

Transcription

1 Name Perid Sectin Due Date This review packet is t be cmpleted with pwer pint ntes. The key symbl begins a new BIG IDEA f the review. Fr yur benefit, slide numbers frm the pwer pint has been included fr each sectin. Bimlecules & Cell Transprt (slides #2-18) BIOMOLECULES Fur grups fund in living things are: 1. Carbhydrates Lipids 4. Prteins 1. Carbhydrates Cmpunds made up f carbn, hydrgen, and xygen atms - rati f 1: : 1. Living things use carbhydrates as: 1. Main f energy (starches and sugars) 2. Plants and sme als use carbhydrates fr structural purpses 2. Lipids Cmmn categries f lipids are 1. Fats Oils Functins: 1. Can be used t stre energy 2. Sme lipids are imprtant parts f bilgical membranes and waterprf 3. Can serve as chemical messengers (sterids nly) Generally nt sluble in Structure f Lipids Made mstly frm carbn, hydrgen, and xygen atms Usually has relatively amunts f xygen Glycerl mlecule + 3 fatty acids (Triglycerides) 3. Prtein Prteins - Macrmlecules that cntain nitrgen as well as carbn,, and xygen. Made up f f amin acids flded int cmplex structures. Functins f Prteins 1. Sme prteins cntrl the rate f reactins and regulate cell prcesses ( ) 2. Sme are used t frm bnes, muscles, and 3. Others transprt substances int r ut f cells r help t fight (antibdies r transprt channels in the cell membrane) 1

2 4. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids - Macrmlecules cntaining, xygen, nitrgen, carbn, and phsphrus. Made up f repeating called nucletides Each nucletide cntains: 1. 5-Carbn Sugar 2. Phsphate Grup 3. Nitrgenus Functin: Stre infrmatin Transmit genetic infrmatin Tw Kinds f Nucleic Acids: 1. Ribnucleic acid (RNA) Cntains the ribse Single stranded 2. Dexyribnucleic acid (DNA) Cntains the sugar dexyribse Duble Enzymes Enzymes - Prteins that act as bilgical catalysts. Speed up chemical reactins that take place in cells by activatin energy Very specific, generally catalyzing nly chemical reactin. CELL TRANSPORT Hmestasis Prcess by which rganisms maintain a relatively stable internal envirnment; All rganisms have that are tlerated (i.e. ph and temperature) The cell membrane is f a duble-layered sheet called the lipid bilayer. Diffusin Diffusin - Prcess by which mlecules tend t frm an area where they are mre cncentrated t an area where they are less cncentrated When the cncentratin f a slute is the thrughut a slutin it has reached equilibrium Because diffusin depends upn particle mvements, substances diffuse acrss membranes withut requiring the cell t use energy. Even when equilibrium is reached, particles f a slutin will t mve acrss the membrane in bth directins. Particles are in mtin! Osmsis Water passes easily acrss mst membranes, but mst slute des. Osmsis - Diffusin f water thrugh a selectively permeable. Water frm a high lw cncentratin 2

3 Name Perid Sectin Due Date Phtsynthesis & Respiratin (slides #19-36) ATP Adensine Triphsphate (ATP) - One f the principal chemical cmpunds that things use t stre and release energy ATP vs. ADP Adensine Diphsphate ATP ne phsphate grup ATP cntains three phsphate grups (tri = ) ADP cntains tw phsphate grups (di = tw) ATP & Energy ATP is used by all f cells as their basic energy surce. Energy is released when a phsphate is. Phtsynthesis 1. Phtsynthesis - Prcess by which plants and sme ther rganisms use light energy t water and carbn dixide int xygen and high-energy carbhydrates such as and starches. Needed (Reactants): Water 3. Carbn Dixide Given Off (Prducts): Sugars 1. Which Organisms Carry Out Phtsynthesis? 1. Auttrph - Organism that can energy frm sunlight r chemicals and use it t prduce its wn fd frm inrganic cmpunds; als called a. 2. Auttrphs/ /Plants carry ut phtsynthesis!!! 2. In Which Organelle Des Phtsynthesis Take Place? 1. Phtsynthesis in the chlrplasts. 2. Chlrplasts cntain chlrphyll (pigment that captures light ) 3

4 Cellular Respiratin 3. Cellular Respiratin - Prcess that releases by breaking dwn glucse and ther fd mlecules in the presence f. 1. Which Organisms Carry Out Respiratin? 1. ALL animals,, and micrrganisms carry ut respiratin! 1. Plants sme f the glucse that they made frm phtsynthesis. 2. Where Des Respiratin Occur? 1. Respiratin in the mitchndria! 1. Mighty Mitchndria = Prductin Requires (Reactants): 1. Glucse 2. Gives Off (Prducts): Water Carbn Dixide Phtsynthesis vs. Respiratin Phtsynthesis and cellular respiratin take place in directins! Phtsynthesis: Use light energy t a sugar. Energy is captured r stred. carbn dixide + water + light energy sugars + xygen Respiratin: Break sugar t release energy. Energy is released. xygen + sugars carbn dixide + water + energy 1. Phtsynthesis: Use light energy t build a sugar. Prcess that depsits energy r energy. Remves carbn dixide frm the atmsphere. Releases int the atmsphere. 2. Respiratin: Break dwn sugar t release. Prcess that withdraws energy r releases energy. xygen frm the atmsphere. Releases carbn dixide int the. 3. Phtsynthesis Occurs in chlrplasts Only plants,, and sme bacteria carry ut phtsynthesis. 4. Respiratin Occurs in the mitchndrin ALL plants, animals, and carry ut respiratin. 4

5 Name Perid Sectin Due Date Cellular Structures, Bacteria & Viruses (slides #37-64) Cell Types There are tw categries f cells: 1. Eukarytic Cells - Have a nucleus and membrane bund rganelles 1. Examples include, animals, fungi, and prtists. 2. Prkarytic Cells Have nucleus and n membrane bund rganelles Bacteria are an. Plant vs. Animal Cells Plant Cells: 1. Cntains chlrplasts 2. Cntains a cell 3. Vacules are much 4. Tend t be mre rectangular shaped Animal Cells: Cntains lyssmes Vacules are much smaller Tend t be mre shaped Nucleus - Nucleus Cntains DNA ( infrmatin) and instructins fr the prductins f prteins and ther cellular prcesses Bunded by the nuclear Ribsmes - Ribsmes Small particles f rrna; Where prteins are Fund thrughut the and n the rugh ER. Endplasmic Reticulum - Endplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Internal membrane system in cells in which cmpnents f the cell membrane are assembled and sme prteins are mdified - Rugh vs. Smth ER Rugh ER- The prtin f the ER invlved in the f prteins Given this name because f the ribsmes fund n its surface. Smth ER Endplasmic reticulum where ribsmes are nt fund n its Glgi Apparatus - Glgi Apparatus - Mdify, srt, and package prteins (frm the ER) int vesicles fr strage in the cell r utside the cell. Finishing tuches are put n prteins befre they are ready t leave the factry. Lyssmes - Lyssmes Vesicles frm a Glgi that cntain digestive enzymes that: Digest/break dwn lipids, carbhydrates, and prteins int small mlecules that can be by the cell Break dwn/get rid f waste r wrn ut cell Vacules Vacules Sac like structure that stres water, salts, prteins, and. Plants cntain vacules 5

6 Mitchndria Mitchndria - Organelles that the chemical energy stred in fd (glucse) t make fr cells Chlrplasts Chlrplasts - Organelles that capture the energy frm sunlight and cnvert it int chemical energy (phtsynthesis). Like a pwer plant. Cntain the green pigment chlrphyll. Fund in cells nly. Cell Membrane Cell Membrane - Thin, flexible barrier arund a cell; regulates what and leaves the (selectively permeable) Cell Wall Cell Wall - Strng supprting layer arund the cell membrane in plants, algae, and sme bacteria that & shapes Made f cellulse, chitin, etc. depending n the rganism. What is a Virus? Viruses are classified as nnliving because they Are nt made up f Cannt live independently Cannt reprduce n their Des nt require fd, des nt grw, develp r mve Viruses Cnsist Of: An cre cmpsed f a nucleic acid (DNA r RNA) An uter prtein called a capsid Reprductin f Viruses Cannt reprduce alne Can reprduce ONLY inside a living hst Must use a hst cell Like a Lytic vs. Lysgenic Infectin Lytic Infectin Virus enters a cell, makes cpies f, and causes the cell t burst - hst cell is lysed and destryed. Lysgenic Infectins A virus integrates its DNA int the DNA f the hst, and the viral genetic infrmatin replicates alng with the hst cell s DNA. Viruses are Highly Specific A Virus is specific in the type f cell it invades because it attaches t specific binding called receptrs n the hst cell. Fr Example: HIV infects cells. Rabies infects brain cells. Different cld viruses attack the cells lining the nse and sinuses. Hepatitis settles in the. 6

7 Diseases Caused by Viruses Cmmn Influenza (Flu) Smallpx AIDs Caused by the Human Immun-deficiency Virus (HIV) Attacks the immune system (Helper T Cells) Treatment f Viruses Treatment f virus infectins is usually left up t the patient's wn system. There is n cure fr viruses! Yu can nly treat the rest r take pain killers. May receive a vaccine t prevent frm getting the virus if available. A vaccine is a preparatin f weakened r pathgens (virus r viral particles). Bacteria Bacteria are helpful and harmful rganisms. Helpful: Fd, prduce antibitics that are used t kill ther bacteria, play a rle in human digestin Harmful: Sme bacteria cause disease (abut f all human diseases are caused by bacteria)! Structure f Bacterial Cells Bacteria are prkarytes. Have n bund rganelles Inherited infrmatin is held in a, circular chrmsme, rather than in paired chrmsmes Bacteria are unicellular. Bacteria cntain a cell. Diseases Caused by Bacteria 1. Dental Plaque (film destrys tth enamel) Pneumnia 4. Diphtheria (causes a false membrane t frm in the respiratry system which blcks air passages) Hw t Treat Bacterial Infectins Antibitics T make sure that yu get the right treatment, yur dctr may take a (a swab frm the thrat r a urine sample) D nt take antibitics if yu dn t have a infectin. Yu are nly making the bacteria smarter! 7

8 Name Perid Sectin Due Date DNA, Cell Cycle, & Mitsis (slides #65-86) DNA Structure Dexyribnucleic Acid (DNA) - The material the nucleus that carries all the genetic infrmatin Functin: Respnsible fr determining all rganism s traits - eye, bdy structure, and cellular enzyme prductin The Shape f DNA: DNA lks like a twisted called a Duble Helix. The Cmpnents f DNA: DNA is a mlecule made up f repeating individual units called nucletides Nucletides are made up f three parts: Phsphate Grup Nitrgenus Base Nucletides Put Tgether = Structure f DNA Phsphate Grup & Dexyribse Sugar - Frm the backbne r f the ladder. 2. Nitrgenus Bases - Frm the rungs f the ladder r f the mlecule. DNA cntains fur nitrgenus bases: Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytsine (C) (T) Cmplimentary Bases: The cmplimentary bases are held by weak hydrgen bnds. 1. Adenine pairs with Thymine: A T (Spells AT ) 2. Guanine pairs with Cytsine: G C (G and C lk ) Eukarytic Cell Cycle Cell Cycle - Series f events that cells g thrugh as they grw and replicate. Made up f tw phases: Interphase - Perid f the cell cycle cell divisins Cnsists f S, G 1, and G 2 phases M Phase Cell Divisin Cnsists f Tw Phases: Mitsis - Divisin f the nucleus Cytkinesis - Divisin f the Interphase: Cnsists f S, G 1, and G 2 phases G 1 Phase Perid f intense grwth DNA replicatin S Phase DNA (chrmsme) takes place, still little cell grwth G 2 Phase Perid f mre grwth and final preparatins befre cell starts. 8

9 S-Phase: DNA Replicatin Befre a cell divides, it its DNA via a prcess called DNA Replicatin Occurs during the S phase f cell divisin Ensures that each resulting cell will have a cmplete identical set f DNA mlecules Result: Tw identical DNA (each DNA mlecule has ne riginal strand and ne new strand) Hw DNA Replicatin Occurs - Step 1: Helicase, an, unzips the DNA mlecule 1. Hydrgen bnds between the base pairs are 2. Result = 2 separated strands f DNA - Step 2: A replicatin frk is. - Step 3: Free flating nucletides pair up with cmplimentary 1. Each strand f DNA serves as a template, r mdel, fr the new strand 2. DNA Plymerase Enzyme that jins individual nucletides t prduce a DNA mlecule and als prfreads each DNA strand Where Des DNA Replicatin Occur? DNA replicatin ccurs in the nucleus. Remember: DNA is fund in the. DNA leaves the nucleus it is safer there! M Phase: Cell Divisin Cell Divisin - The prcess by which a cell int tw new daughter cells. Befre cell divisin ccurs, the cell replicates, r cpies, all f its. Each daughter cell gets ne set f genetic infrmatin. Reprductin by Mitsis is classified as asexual, since the cells prduced by are genetically identical t the cell. Asexual Reprductin - Reprductin withut the fusin f gametes; nt necessary t have parents Asexual reprductin (mitsis) is used fr: The reprductin f single-celled rganisms The grwth, develpment, maintenance, and repair f multicellular rganisms Fur Phases f Mitsis Prphase - Chrmsmes visible/centriles; nuclear envelpe Metaphase - Micrtubules line the chrmsmes up in f cell Anaphase - Sister chrmatids separate t ppsite ends f cell Telphase - Chrmsmes cndense t chrmatin and nuclear envelpe reappears 3. Cytkinesis 1. Usually ccurs at the same as telphase. 2. Cytkinesis - The divisin f the cytplasm itself. Cancer 4. Is caused by cellular divisin. 5. Typically, mst cells dn t divide unless it is fr repair r maintenance. 6. Cancerus cells keep dividing; crwding ut and stealing frm healthy tissue. 7. Cancer kills when a mass f cancer cells called a tumr interferes with the functins f majr. 9

10 Name Perid Sectin Due Date Prtein Synthesis & Mutatins (slides #87-115) RNA 1. Cntains the sugar ribse instead f dexyribse. 2. Single-stranded instead f stranded. 3. Cntains uracil in place f. Cntains the fllwing fur bases: Adenine, Cytsine, Guanine, and Uracil (nt Thymine) Three Main Types f RNA 1. Messenger RNA (mrna) - Carries cpies f instructins, fr the assembly f amin acids int prteins, frm DNA t the ribsme (serve as ) made in the nucleus. 2. Ribsmal RNA (rrna) Makes up the majr part f ribsmes, which is where prteins are - made in the nuclelus. 3. Transfer RNA (trna) Transfers (carries) amin acids t ribsmes as specified by cdns in the. Prtein Synthesis Prteins are made up f a f amin acids. Prteins are enzymes, which catalyze and chemical reactins. Tw Steps t Make a Prtein: 1. Transcriptin: DNA RNA 2. Translatin: RNA Prtein (Chain f amin acids) Step 1: Transcriptin Transcriptin - Prcess in which part f the nucletide sequence f DNA is int a cmplementary sequence in RNA. RNA plymerase the DNA strands. One strand f DNA is used as a template frm which nucletides are assembled int a strand f RNA. Occurs in the nucleus. After Transcriptin The mrna the nucleus and travels t the ribsmes in the cytplasm. Cdns Cdn - Three-nucletide sequence n messenger RNA that cdes fr a amin acid. Genetic Cde - The language f mrna The genetic cde is read three at a time, s that each wrd f the cded message is three bases lng. Hw the Cde is Read: Every three n mrna is called a cdn. Every cdn cdes fr an amin acid (building blck f ) Amin acids are mst times by using the first 3 letters f the amin acid s name. - Met = Methinine - Leu = Leucine 10

11 Start and Stp Cdns Start Cdns: Fund at the beginning f a prtein; Only - AUG (methinine) Stp Cdns: Fund at the f a prtein; three exist, which make the prductin f the prtein stp: UAA, UAG,UGA Reading the Cdn Chart Use the cdns nly!!! Step 2: Translatin Translatin - Decding f a mrna message int a (amin acid chain) Takes place n the ribsmes Each trna cntains: 1. An amin acid 2. Three unpaired Each trna mlecule has three unpaired bases called the anticdn, which are cmplementary t ne mrna. Steps f Translatin 1. Begins when an mrna mlecule in the cytplasm t a ribsme. 2. As each cdn f the mrna mlecule mves thrugh the ribsme, the prper amin acid is int the ribsme by trna. 3. The ribsme frms a peptide bnd between the first and secnd amin acids. 4. The plypeptide chain cntinues t until the ribsme reaches a stp cdn n the mrna mlecule and a prtein has been made. Mutatins Mutatin - Change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic infrmatin; r mistake in cpying DNA. Types f Mutatins 1. Chrmsmal Mutatins - Invlve changes in the number r f chrmsmes. Ex. Dwns Syndrme 2. Gene Mutatins - Mutatins that prduce changes in a single. Types f Gene Mutatins 1. Pint Mutatins - Affect a single nucletide, r in the DNA sequence, usually by substituting ne nucletide fr anther. Original: AUGUAC Met Tyr Mutated: AUGUAG Met Stp (Causes the amin acid chain t stp prtein prductin early) 2. Frameshift Mutatins - Mutatin that shifts the reading f the genetic message by inserting r deleting a nucletide. Insertins A base is inserted int the DNA sequence. Deletins - A base is remved frm the DNA sequence. Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat. Frame Shift: The fat caa tet hew eer at. Frame shift mutatins affect all amin acids! 11

12 Name Perid Sectin Due Date Meisis & Genetics (slides # ) Chrmsmes & Genes Chrmsme - Very lng, cntinuus piece f DNA, cntains many genes Gene - Sequence f DNA that cdes fr a prtein and thus determines a Hmlgus Chrmsmes Hmlgus Chrmsmes - Term used t refer t chrmsmes that each have a crrespnding chrmsme frm the ppsite-sex. Bth chrmsmes have all the same genes in the same lcatin, but different f thse genes. Haplid vs. Diplid Haplid - Term used t refer t a cell that cntains nly a set f chrmsmes and therefre nly a single set f genes; ne set ; represented by N. Diplid - Term used t refer t a cell that cntains sets f hmlgus chrmsmes; tw sets ; represented by 2N. Gamete vs. Zygte Gamete - A mature sexual reprductive cell that has a haplid number that with anther cell t frm a new rganism. Example: Sperm r egg cell Zygte - The cell frmed by the f tw gametes. Sexual Reprductin Sexual Reprductin - Prcess by which tw cells frm parents unite t prduce the first cell f a new rganism. Meisis Meisis - Prcess by which the number f chrmsmes per cell is cut in thrugh the separatin f hmlgus chrmsmes in a diplid cell; Haplid (N) gamete cells are prduced frm (2N) cells. Fur gametes are made during cell divisin by meisis. The gamete cells have the number f chrmsmes as the riginal cell. Meisis usually invlves tw distinct divisins: 1. Meisis 1 2. Meisis 2 Meisis 1 Prir t meisis I, each chrmsme is. The cells then begin t divide in a way that lks t mitsis. One big difference: Each chrmsme with its crrespnding hmlgus chrmsme t frm a structure called a tetrad and exchange prtins f their chrmatids in a prcess called crssing-ver. Crssing Over Prduces new cmbinatins f. Meisis 1 is similar t mitsis except: The cells prduced by meisis I have sets f chrmsmes and alleles that are different frm each ther and frm the diplid that entered meisis I. 12

13 Meisis 2 Tw cells prduced by meisis I nw enter a secnd meitic. Unlike the first divisin, cell ges thrugh a rund f chrmsme replicatin befre entering meisis II. Thse fur daughter cells nw cntain the haplid number (N) just 2 chrmsmes each. Nndisjunctin Nndisjunctin - The mst cmmn in meisis ccurs when hmlgus chrmsmes fail t separate. Results in abnrmal numbers f chrmsmes in gametes. Example -, which results when an individual has three cpies f chrmsme 21. Mitsis vs. Meisis Mitsis Allws an rganism's bdy t and replace cells. Used in asexual reprductin t prduce a new rganism. New (daughter) cell is identical t the parent cell and t each ther. Prduces tw diplid (2N) daughter. Meisis Used in sexual reprductin t prduce gametes. New (daughter) cells are genetically different frm the parent cells and frm ne anther. Prduces fur haplid (N) cells. Is respnsible fr the genetic amng species. Inheritance & Cell Type Yu can nly inherit a trait frm gametes, nt ther smatic (bdy) cells! Mutatins within smatic (bdy) cells d nt affect ffspring genes. Whereas, mutatins within gametes d alter ffspring genes. Fr example, if yur mther has skin, yu will nt inherit this mutatin because the mutatin is n her smatic (bdy) cells and these are nt inherited. Punnett Squares Dminant vs. Recessive Dminant - Masks the ther trait; the trait that shws if present Represented by a letter Recessive An rganism with a recessive allele fr a particular trait will nly exhibit that trait when the dminant allele is present; Will nly shw if bth alleles are present Represented by a lwer case letter Dminant & Recessive Practice TT - Represent with straight hair Tt - Represent ffspring with straight hair tt - Represents ffspring with curly hair Hmzygus vs. Heterzygus Hmzygus Term used t refer t an rganism that has tw identical alleles fr a particular trait (TT r tt); Smetimes called. Heterzygus - Term used t refer t an rganism that has tw different alleles fr the same trait (Tt); smetimes called. 13

14 Gentype vs. Phentype Gentype The genetic makeup f an rganism; The gene (r allele) cmbinatin an rganism has (Example:, ss, GG, Ww) Phentype The physical characteristics f an rganism; The way an rganism lks (Example: Curly hair, straight hair, blue eyes,, green) Punnett Squares Punnett Square Diagram shwing the gene cmbinatins that result frm a genetic crss Used t calculate the prbability f inheriting a particular trait Prbability The chance that a given event will ccur Hw t Cmplete a Punnett Square Yu Try It: Give the gentype and phentype fr the fllwing crss: TT x tt (T = Tall and t = Shrt) Yu Try It: Give the gentype and phentype fr the fllwing crss: Tt x tt Fur Types f Chrmsmal Mutatins 1. Deletin A chrmsme segment is deleted r. 2. Duplicatin A chrmsme segment is duplicated r repeated 3. Inversin A segment f a chrmsme breaks ff, turns arund, and reattaches in the reverse rder; a segment within a chrmsme 4. Translcatin A segment f a chrmsme is mved t anther. 14

15 Name Perid Sectin Due Date Taxnmy & Natural Selectin (slides # ) Scientific Names vs. Cmmn Names Sme rganisms have several cmmn names. This cat is cmmnly knwn as a Flrida panther, muntain lin, puma, r cugar. It s scientific name is Felis cnclr Binmial Nmenclature - Allws scientists t give each rganism a universally accepted twpart. The first part f the name is the Genus. The secnd part f the is the Species. Example: Hm is the Genus, sapiens is the species; The scientific name fr humans is Hm sapiens. Levels f Classificatin BROAD t SPECIFIC King Philip came ver fr gd! Cladgram Diagram used t shw the evlutinary relatinships amng grups f rganisms based n characteristics. Evlutinary descent is determined based n derived characteristics, which are new traits that appear as rganisms evlve ver. The mre derived characteristics that they share, the mre clsely they are. Dichtmus Keys A tl fr identifying unknwn rganisms using a key cnsisting f questins based n bservable characteristics. Steps: 1. Always begin with the first questin 2. Answer the paired questins with r n 3. Based n yur answers, fllw the directins given by the key Classifying Organisms Organisms are int 3 dmains and 6 kingdms based n the fllwing characteristics 1. Cell Type: Prkarytic vs. Eukarytic Prkarytic - nucleus Eukarytic - nucleus 2. Cell Structure: Cmpnents f Cell Wall 3. Number f cells: Unicellular (ne cell) vs. Multicellular (mre than ne cell) 4. Nutritin: Auttrphic vs. Hetertrphic Auttrphic - makes their wn fd Hetertrphic - must fd 15

16 Animalia Kingdm (Dmain Eukarya) Cell Type: Eukarytic Cell Wall: N Cell Wall Bdy Type: Nutritin: Hetertrphic Examples:, dgs, sharks, fish, snakes Plantae Kingdm (Dmain Eukarya) Cell Type: Eukarytic Cell wall cntains Bdy Type: Multicellular Nutritin: Auttrphic Examples: crn, ferns,, pine tree Fungi Kingdm (Dmain Eukarya) Cell Type: Eukarytic Cell wall cntains Chitin Bdy Type: Multicellular, except yeast which is unicellular Nutritin: Hetertrphic Are Immbile (cannt arund) Examples: Yeast, mrel, earthstar puffball, bread mld, All fungi are hetertrphic decmpsers which externally digest dead matter Prtista Kingdm (Dmain Eukarya) Cell Type: Cell Wall: Cellulse (sme) Bdy Type: Unicellular, except algae which are multicellular Nutritin: Auttrphic & Hetertrphic Are Mbile (can mve arund) Examples: Paramecium, euglena, Eubacteria Kingdm (Dmain Bacteria) Cell Type: Cell wall cntains Peptidglican Bdy Type: Unicellular Nutritin: Auttrphic and Hetertrphic Examples: E. cli,, & staphylcccus Evlutin Occurs by Natural Selectin 1. Struggle fr existence exists in Cmpetitin amng members f a species exist fr, living space, and the ther necessities f life. 2. Survival f the Fittest Individuals that are better t their envirnment that it, with adaptatins that enable fitness survive and reprduce mre ; Darwin referred t this as natural selectin Natural Selectin Over time, natural selectin results in in the inherited characteristics f a ppulatin. These changes increase a species' fitness in its envirnment. Takes place withut human cntrl r. Natural selectin cannt be seen directly; it can nly be bserved as changes in a ppulatin ver many successive generatins. Evidence f Evlutin cmes primarily frm these surces Gegraphical distributin f living species 3. Structural similarities f related life frms 4. Chemical similarities in DNA 5. Archaebacteria Kingdm (Dmain Archae) Cell Type: Prkaryte Cell walls d nt cntain peptidglycan Bdy Type: Nutritin: Auttrphic & Hetertrphic Examples: Live in extreme envirnments Extreme temperatures Halphiles Extreme salinity 16