HISTORIC NANOMATERIALS

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2 HISTORIC NANOMATERIALS

3 Cho, A. Y.; Arthur, J. R.; Jr (1975). "Molecular beam epitaxy". Prog. Solid State Chem. 10: Clusters of transition-metal atoms, Michael D. Morse Chem. Rev., 1986, 86 (6), Richard P. Feynman (Nobel Laureate in 1965) Norio Taniguchi, Tokyo University Robert Curl, Harold Kroto and Richard Smalley. Nobel Prize of Chemistry H. Rohrer y G. Binnig invented the STM Nobel Prize Laurates K. Eric Drexler Foresight Institute, MIT researcher Sumio Iijima discovered carbon nanotubes. Andre Geim & Konstantin Novoselov, Nobel Prize of Physics for the discovering of graphene in 2004.

4 XXI Century XX Century < XIX Century

5 SMALLER = + RELATIVE SURFACE SMALLER = + REACTIVITY SMALLER = + PENETRATION CAPACITY SMALLER = FASTER SMALLER = HIGHER STORAGE CAP. SMALLER = QUANTUM EFFECTS SMALLER = APPROACHING TO BIOLOGY FOUNDATIONS SMALLER = BIOINSPIRATION

6 SMALLER = + REACTIVITY Size dependence of the mechanisms of arsenic adsorption at the surface of iron oxide particles. Mélanie Auffan et al., Nature Nanotechnology 4, (2009) Towards a definition of inorganic nanoparticles from an environmental, health and safety perspective

7 SMALLER = FASTER 1968: MBE (Molecular Beam Epitaxy) (A.Y. Cho y J. Arthur). 1948: Brattain, Bardeen, Schockley - Transistor Effect (PN 1956) 1959: Integrated Circuit - Texas Instruments (J.S. Kilby, PN 2000) s: Single transistors 2009: Intel Xeon Nehalem W transistors 263 mm² 4 cores 3.2 GHz, 130 W 50 GigaFLOPS 2015: IBM Z transistors 678 mm 2 22 nm CMOS 5.2 GHz

8 NANOCOMPONENTS IN NATURE 8

9 NANOTECHNOLOGY: MULTIDISCIPLINARITY PHYSICS CHEMISTRY BIOLOGY ENGINEERY NANOTECHNOLOGY MODELLING

10 INSTRUMENTS FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY

11 8.1nm

12 NANOMARKET: Au NPs 299 products! chtext=gold+nanoparticle

13 NANOMARKET: Graphene 7,878 Products!!!!!!

14 MULTIDISCIPLINARITY MULTIPLE APPLICATIONS FIELDS PHYSICS CHEMISTRY BIOLOGY ENGINEERY MODELLING NANOTECHNOLOGY FABRICATION MATERIALS ELECTRONICS HEALTH ENERGY TRANSPORTATION AGROFOOD ENVIRONMENT TEXTIL CONSTRUCTION NANOTECHNOLOGY IS UBIQUITOUS

15 TOP-DOWN VS BOTTOM-UP NANOTECHNOLOGY 0,1 nm 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1 mm 10 mm 100 mm 1 mm BOTTOM-UP TOP-DOWN NANOSTRUCTURES NANOMATERIALS NANODEVICES NANOOBJECTS

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17 PROJECT ON EMERGING NANOTECHNOLOGIES CREATED THE NANOTECHNOLOGY CONSUMER PRODUCTS INVENTORY (CPI) 17

18 NANOTECHNOLOGY AND NOVEL MATERIALS Jubilee Church (Rome, Italy) n-sio2 and n-tio2 nanoparticles in concrets n-sio2: EMACO Nanocrete by BASF. n-tio2: TioCem TX Active (Heidelberg Cement), NanoGuardStone Protect de Nanogate AG, TX Arca and TX Aria (ItalCementi)

19 NANOTECHNOLOGY AND COSMETICS

20 NANOTECHNOLOGY AND FOOD SUBSTANCES CONTROLLED DELIVERY NANOENCAPSULATION TECHNIQUES

21 APPROVED NANOPHARMACEUTICALS Name Approval 1) Liposomes AmBisome FDA 1997 DaunoXome FDA 1996 DepoCyt FDA 1999/2007 DepoDur FDA 2004 Doxil FDA 1995 Inflexal V Switzerland 1997 Marqibo FDA 2012 Mepact Europe 2009 Myocet Europe 2000 Visudyne FDA ) Lipid-based (non-liposomal) formulations Abelcet FDA 1995 and 1996 Amphotec 3) PEGylated proteins, polypeptides, aptamers Adagen FDA 1990 Cimzia FDA 2008 Neulasta FDA 2002 Oncaspar FDA 1994 Pegasys FDA 2002 PegIntron FDA 2001 Somavert FDA 2003 Macugen FDA 2004 Mircera FDA 2007 Weissig et al. Nanopharmaceuticals (part 1): products on the market, International Journal of Nanomedicine 2014:9,

22 APPROVED NANOPHARMACEUTICALS 4) Nanocrystals Emend FDA 2003 Megace ES FDA 2005 Rapamune FDA 2002 Tricor FDA 2004 Triglide FDA ) Polymer-based nanoformulations Copaxone FDA 1996/2014) Eligard FDA 2002 Genexol South Korea 2001 Opaxio FDA 2012 Renagel FDA 2000 Zinostatin stimalamer Japan ) Protein drug conjugates Abraxane FDA 2005 Kadcyla FDA 2013 Ontak FDA 1994/2006 7) Surfactant-based nanoformulations Fungizone FDA 1966 Diprivan FDA 1989 Estrasorb FDA ) Metal-based nanoformulations Feridex FDA 1996 Feraheme FDA 2009 (Ferumoxytol) NanoTherm Europe ) Virosomes Gendicine People s Republic of China 2003 Rexin-G Philippines 2007 Weissig et al. Nanopharmaceuticals (part 1): products on the market, International Journal of Nanomedicine 2014:9,

23 NANOTECHNOLOGY AND HEALTH

24 NANOTECHNOLOGY AND HEALTH David Deamer 1989 draft PromethION MiniION

25 ARTIFICIAL PHOTOSINTHESYS Panasonic (Sept. 2014) Nature (leaves) efficiency: 0,2% Panasonic System:0,3%. GaInN + Cu: Water and CO2 are transformed in methanol and ethanol

26 TECHNOLOGIC CONVERGENCE Ritmo de innovación 1785 Energía hidraúlica Desarrollo textiles Hierro 1845 Máquina de vapor Ferrocarriles Acero Petroquímica Electrónica Electricidad Aeronáutica Productos químicos Motor de combustión interna Satélites Fibra óptica Redes Software años 55 años 50 años 40 años 30 años Convergencia Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno 2020 P. Schumpeter ( )

27 1. Doctors inside your body 2. Sensors, sensors, everywhere 3. Self-healing structures 4. Making big data possible 5. Tackling climate change

28 NOT SO IDEALISTIC FUTURE 28

29 2000 By Bill Joy (Chief Scientist at Sun Microsystems) Accustomed to living with almost routine scientific breakthroughs, we have yet to come to terms with the fact that the most compelling 21st-century technologies robotics, genetic engineering, and nanotechnology pose a different threat than the technologies that have come before. Specifically, robots, engineered organisms, and nanobots share a dangerous amplifying factor: They can self-replicate. A bomb is blown up only once but one bot can become many, and quickly get out of control.

30 DARK SIDE NANOTECH SCENARIOS ARE THEY REAL?

31 2015 Global Challenges Foundation

32 2016

33 DUAL USE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY CIVILIAN VS. MILITARY APPLICATIONS

34 RIESGOS: LAS VOCES DE ALARMA SOME PEOPLE DONT LIKE NANOTECHNOLOGY Center for Responsible Nanotechnology

35 A MORATORY FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY

36 NANOTECH BENEFITS AND RISKS: INSURANCE COMPANIES POINT OF VIEW There is currently a vacuum of regulation in this field. In part this is because some stakeholders do not believe it is necessary. Others however think it is vital. This is because nano-materials behave differently to large scale versions of the same substance and so existing regulation may not be applicable. Lack of regulation is never helpful to liability insurers and the insurance industry should lobby for clarity.

37 Movies: The Hulk, Spiderman, Parque Jurásico, Inteligencia artificial, Yo robot, Minority report, Spy kids, Prey, Super agente Cody Banks, Terminator 3, The tuxedo, Batman, Transformers, G.I. JOE, Trascendence TV series: Jake 2.0, Ben10 On-line games: OGAME NANOTECHNOLOGY AND CULTURES Books: PREY (M. Crichton, 2002) Nano (J.R. Marlow, 2004) The Diamond Age (N. Stephenson, 1995)

38 What drives public acceptance of nanotechnology? S.C. Currall et al., Nature Nanotechnology 1, (2006)

39 HOW DO PEOPLE PERCEIPT NANOTECHNOLOGY? La comprensión pública de la nanotecnología en España Javier Gómez Ferri, Revista CTS, nº 20, vol. 7, Abril de 2012 (pág )

40 AND NOW HOW DO WE PROCEED? (1) RESPONSIBLE RESEARCH

41 AND NOW HOW DO WE PROCEED? (2) DEVELOP NANO-ECO-TOXICOLOGY NANOSAFETY CLUSTER: VI, VII & H2020 FP ENNSATOX ENPRA ENRHES HINAMOX InLiveTox MARINA ModNanoTox NanEx NANODEVICE NanoFATE NANOfutures NanoHouse NanoImpactNet NanoLyse NANOMEGA NANOMMUNE NanoPolyTox NanoReTox NanoSustain NanoTEST NanoToes NanoTransKin etics NanoValid Nephh NeuroNano QNano SIINN CellNanoTox DIPNA NanoInteract NANOTRANSPO RT NANOSH

42 NANOTECH BENEFITS AND RISKS: INSURANCE COMPANIES POINT OF VIEW Lloyds Foundation: Based on the findings of this review, the Foundation will be looking to identify those areas of nanotechnology that could have a significant impact (positive and negative) in the areas covered by its charitable objects, and then to focus on where the Foundation could consider funding fundamental research that could make a distinctive contribution and make a real impact.

43 SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCES ON NANOTECHNOLOGY HAZARDS

44 SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCES ON NANOTECHNOLOGY HAZARDS T.S. Peixe et al., Nanotoxicology and Exposure in the Occupational Setting, Occupational Diseases and Environmental Medicine Vol. 03, No. 03, (2015) Toxicological Assessment Effect of Nanoparticles on Pulmonary System Skin Gastrointestinal Tract Liver Reproductive System Particle Release and Exposure Preventative and Control Measures Standardization and Regulation

45 AND NOW HOW DO WE PROCEED? (3) DEVELOP REGULATIONS/STANDARS ISO Technical Committee (TC) 229 OECD Working Party on Nanotechnology OECD WP on Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) ASTM E Standard Terminology Relating to Nanotechnology

46 INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SEGURIDAD E HIGIENE EN EL TRABAJO 46

47 EUROPEAN UNION: REGULATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR FOOD & COSMETICS

48 AND NOW HOW DO WE PROCEED? (4) PROMOTE SOCIAL DEBATE

49 AND NOW HOW DO WE PROCEED? (5) DISEMINATION & EDUCATION

50 CONCLUSIONS NT: OLD SCIENTIFIC TOPICS EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FIELD STRONG POTENTIAL: NEW PROPERTIES LINKED TO SIZE, SHAPE AND COMPOSITION IMPORTANT: CLASSICAL OR QUANTUM EFFECTS BROAD INTEREST DUE TO ECONOMIC IMPACT MULTIDISCIPLINARITY NEEDED MANY IDEAS, MATERIALS AND TOOLS FROM SEVERAL CLASSIC RESEARCH FIELDS MANY APPLICATIONS IN MANY ECONOMY SECTORS ANOTHER ISSUES: ACTUAL RISKS, PUBLIC PERCEPTION NANOTECHNOLOGY GOBERNANCE IS REQUIRED 50