Origins of Microbiology. Dr. Anupam Porwal Department of Biotechnology

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1 Origins of Microbiology Dr. Anupam Porwal Department of Biotechnology 1 1/15/2018

2 Outline Cells and cell theory Microbes and Germ Theory Classic Age of Microbiology Fermentation Pasteurization Vaccines Filename: history.ppt 2 1/15/2018

3 Primitive health codes Laws of Moses (Numbers, Deuteronomy) Venereal diseases acquired from infected individuals kill infected individual Trichinosis lack of fuel Undercooked pork spreads the parasite ban eating of pork 3 1/15/2018

4 First Observations Robert Hooke cells Leeuweenhoek: microbes 4 1/15/2018

5 Micrographia Robert Hooke First report of cell structure 1665 Little boxes in cork : CELL First illustrated book on microscopy 5 1/15/2018

6 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek First person to see bacteria Single lens microscope 6 1/15/2018

7 Early Compound Microscope beautifully crafted but had severe chromatic distortion 7 1/15/2018

8 Simple microscopes gave better resolution Spermatozoa from man & dog Leeuwenhoek /15/2018

9 Spontaneous Generation vs Biogenesis The Great Debate Redi (1668) Needham (1745) Spallanzani (1765) Virchow (1858) Pouchet (1859) Pasteur(1861) 9 1/15/2018

10 Spontaneous Generation Aristotle: any damp body gives rise to living things Miasma phoenix myths Golam Herodotus: Living organisms could arise from non living matter crocodiles from mud Van Helmont: small animals only maggots from meat mice from feed 10 1/15/2018

11 Francesco Redi Italian poet physician 1668 Tested hypothesis of Spontaneous Generation Meat in jars three jars open to air> maggots three jars sealed >no maggots three jars fine net>no maggots Concluded spontaneous generation did not still occur 11 1/15/2018

12 John Needham Irish priest 1745 Said microbes spontaneously generated Evidence Heated chicken soup poured into flasks covered flasks microbes appeared Problems with experimental design?? 12 1/15/2018

13 Lazzaro Spallanzani Italian Monk 1765 Said Needham s broths contaminated after heating Evidence chicken soup poured into flasks covered flasks then heated soup microbes DID NOT appear 13 1/15/2018

14 Spontaneous Generation Production without parent of a new living organism (Pouchet 1859) Required a solid organic substance just after death air containing Life Force water Frankenstein?? 14 1/15/2018

15 Biogenesis Concept proposed by Rudof Virchow German Scientist 1858 Virchow had No Evidence Biogenesis or cell theory: cells can only arise from preexisting cells 15 1/15/2018

16 Biogenesis Omne vivum ex vivo Harvey 16

17 The Cell Theory All organisms composed of one or more cells Cells are smallest living things Cells arise only from previously existing cells Thus: all organisms are descendents of the first cells 17 1/15/2018

18 Schwann Experiment Broth heated in flask Air heated Air and broth mixed No Growth Pouchet argued that Life Force destroyed 18 1/15/2018

19 Academy of Sciences 1860 Award for a solution 19

20 And the Winner is..?? Louis Pasteur Confirmed experiments of Redi & Schwan Filtration Experiments air filtered through guncotton dissolve guncotton Examined residue contained microbes and dust Conclusion: microbes in the dust not in air 20 1/15/2018

21 Final Proof Swan Neck Flask Experiment Add broth to flask Bend the neck of the flask(air can enter but dust cannot) Heat broth No bacterial growth Break neck of flask dust enters Growth occurs 21 1/15/2018

22 Altitude Measurements Arbois (sea level ) 8/20 flasks contaminated Jara (850 meters) 5/20 flask contaminated Mer de Glace (2,000 meters) 1/ /15/2018

23 Louis Pasteur Added 20 years to the lifespan of every man woman and child improved the quality of life 23 1/15/2018

24 Golden Age of Microbiology Fermentation Pasteurization Disinfection Vaccines 24 1/15/2018

25 French wine was spoiled during shipment 25 1/15/2018

26 Louis Pasteur Germ theory Fermentation Pasteurization Rabies vaccine Streptococcus pneumoniae causes lobar pneumonia 26 1/15/2018

27 Fermentation Vintners thought sugar chemically converted to alcohol in air Pasteur, a chemist, was asked to help Discovered Yeast convert sugars to alcohol Bacteria change alcohol to vinegar Fermentation was biological process 27 1/15/2018

28 Pasteurization Pasteur connected food spoilage and microbes Pasteurization: Destroy microbes that cause spoilage by heat Beer, wine, milk Critical to development of Germ theory 28 1/15/2018

29 Pasteur s Original Flasks 29 1/15/2018

30 Germ Theory of Disease Causal relationship between microbes and disease Disinfection controls surgical infection Microbes cause disease 30 1/15/2018

31 Joseph Lister Developed antiseptic surgery 31 1/15/2018

32 Robert Koch Confirmed germ theory Discovered cause of anthrax cholera tuberculosis Developed pure culture techniques staining techniques solid media 32 1/15/2018

33 Koch s postulates Rules to prove an organism causes a disease Organism consistently isolated from diseased individuals Organism cultivated in pure form Signs and symptoms induced after inoculation Same organism isolated from experimentally infected individual 33 1/15/2018

34 Vaccines 34 1/15/2018

35 Smallpox isolated smallpox virus from pustules on Egyptian mummies Father of Amhetop 35 1/15/2018

36 Pustules Caused by Pox Virus Edward Jenner 36 1/15/2018

37 Edward Jenner Vaccination for smallpox 37 1/15/2018

38 Jenner:Cowpox Cartoon 38 Punch? /15/2018

39 Rabies vaccine Pasteur described a rational basis for the development of vaccines 39 1/15/2018

40 Vaccie was unethical!! 40 1/15/2018