Unit 6: Biomolecules

Transcription

1 Unit 6: Biomolecules Name: Period: Test 1

2 Table of Contents Title of Page Page Number Due Date Unit 6 Warm-Ups 3-4 Unit 6 KUDs 5-6 Biomolecules Cheat Sheet 7 Biomolecules Sorting Review 8-9 Unit 6 Vocabulary 10 2

3 UNIT 6 WARM-UPS 3

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5 Unit 6: Biochemistry in Cells What should I understand, know and be able to do? Got it By the end of the unit I will UNDERSTAND that Biomolecules give rise to interdependent living systems. By the end of the unit I will KNOW that DNA contains two strands twisted in a double helix. A DNA nucleotide contains a deoxyribose sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. The sugar and phosphate group make up the DNA backbone. The nitrogenous bases found in DNA are adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. The order of the nitrogenous bases determines the genetic code. Chargaff s rules of complementary base pairing (A-T and G-C). The two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases of nucleotides. RNA is single stranded and used in protein synthesis. The genetic code is composed of nucleic acids, codes for proteins and is universal among all organisms. All organic molecules contain carbon. A monomer is a smaller subunit of a polymer. The four biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids), the elements that identify them and the monomer and polymer form of each. Carbohydrates are sources of energy for an organism and are used to generate ATP. Lipids are hydrophobic. Saturated fats contain no double bonds between the carbon atoms and are solid at room temperature Unsaturated fats contain one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms and are liquid at room temperature. Cell membranes are made up of phospholipids. Proteins are used for transport, structural support and to catalyze chemical reactions. The amino acids of proteins are held together by peptide bonds. There are 20 amino acids and all contain an amine and carboxyl group. The order of amino acids in a protein affects shape and function. A RNA nucleotide contains a ribose sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. The nitrogenous bases found in RNA are adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine. The rules of complementary base pairing in RNA (A-U and G-C). There are three types of RNA (messenger RNA mrna, transfer RNA trna and ribosomal RNA rrna). 5

6 Denaturation is any change in the shape of the protein that renders it non-functional. An enzyme (catalyst) is a type of protein that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy. An enzyme acts on a specific substrate during a chemical reaction. The active site is the site on an enzyme that attaches to the substrate. By the end of the unit I will BE ABLE TO Differentiate between the monomer and polymer of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Differentiate between carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids in pictures, diagrams or drawings. Given two biomolecules, compare their and function to identify similarities and/or differences. Recognize and label the parts of a nucleotide in a DNA/RNA molecule (sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group). Use Chargaff s rules to predict the sequence of a complementary strand of DNA. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA for shape, sugar present, nitrogenous bases, base pairs and function. Given a DNA sequence predict the sequence of the complementary RNA. Identify an enzyme catalyzed reaction based on a graph showing reaction kinetics. Predict the correct substrate for an enzyme based on pictures detailing the active site. 6

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8 Lipids Contains C, H,O, N, & sometimes S Forms Bones and Muscles Made Up of Nucleotides Have Peptide Bonds Make Up Membranes Transport Substances Insoluble in Water Sources Include Butter and Fried Food Sources Include Crackers, Bread, Rice, and Sweets Used in Energy Storage Store and Transmit Hereditary Information Contain C, H, O in Ratio of 1:2:1 Sources Include Eggs, Meat, & Nuts Used in Energy Storage DNA shape is a Double Helix Help Insulate the Body Carbohydrates Contain C, H, O, N, P Cellulose Structural Component in Plant Cell Walls RNA Starch DNA Provides Structure Oils and Waxes Made of Amino Acids Found in the Nucleus 8

9 Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids 9

10 Unit 6 Vocabulary Biochemistry in Cells 1. Activation energy energy input necessary to initiate a chemical reaction 2. Active site place on a substrate where an enzyme binds to it 3. Amino acid molecule that makes up proteins; composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, & sometimes sulfur 4. Carbohydrate molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes sugars & starches; main source of energy 5. Catalyst substance that decreases activation energy and increases reaction rate in a chemical reaction 6. Dehydration synthesis removes a water molecule to add monomers together to build a polymer 7. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule that sotres genetic information in all organisms 8. Enzyme protein that catalyzes chemical reactions for organisms 9. Hydrolysis adding water molecule to break apart a polymer into smaller subunits 10. Lipid nonpolar molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen; includes fats & oils; stores energy & provides insulation 11. Monomer molecular subunit of a polymer 12. Monosaccharide simple sugar molecule 13. Nucleic acid polymer of nucleotides; the genetic material of organisms 14. Nucleotide monomer that forms DNA and has a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base 15. Peptide bond chemical bond that holds amino acids together to form proteins 16. Polymer large, carbon-based molecule formed by monomers 17. Polysaccharide large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides bonded together 18. Protein polymer composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; folds into a particular structure depending on bonds between amino acids 19. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) nucleic acid molecule that allows for the transmission of genetic information and protein synthesis 20. Substrate reactant in a chemical reaction upon which an enzyme acts 10