Behaviour, housing and care of rodents and rabbits

Transcription

1 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 1 Behaviour, housing and care of rodents and rabbits Lars Friis Mikkelsen, DVM, MLAS Laboratory Animal Veterinarian Novo Nordisk A/S, Animal Unit, Management Denmark

2 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 2 The Agenda Guidelines and Legislation Basic natural needs Environmental enrichment Physiological values Optimal housing Dosing Blood sampling

3 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 3 Guidelines and Legislation The revised Appendix A of the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes (ETS No. 123), Guidelines for accommodation and care of animals (Article 5 of the Convention) of 15 June 2006 FELASA: EUROGUIDE on the accommodation and care of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes The revision of the European Directive 86/609 on the Protection of Animals used for Scientific purposes

4 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 4 Rodents and Rabbits as experimental animals Comply with the 3Rs Reduction, Replacement and Refinement Always consider alternatives to animals Always use the most appropriate animal model Always use the most appropriate number of animals to obtain valid scientific data Most of the use is housing time and not experimental time Housing conditions should be based on basic natural needs

5 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 5 Basic natural needs for rats Social animals that need a structured and enriched environment with access to both hiding places and viewing places, and for rearing, gnawing, digging and grooming Difficult to estimate the exact basic needs of rats because of their strong adaptability to the actual environment, and the difficulty to register how they actually feel

6 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 6 Basic natural needs for mice Social animals that need to live in stable, harmonious groups It might be necessary to keep adult male mice separated due to aggression Need to be able to rest, hide and to build nests appropriate and sufficient nesting and bedding material must therefore be available Need for complex and challenging surroundings, e.g. to work for getting access to the feed, and for new and unpredictable things to happen Nocturnal animals and have a need for darkness

7 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 7 Basic natural needs for rabbits Social animals Sexually mature male rabbits might be separated due to aggression Need the ability to exercise which requires sufficient space. Ideally, it should be possible for them to run, jump and make quick changes of direction Need both to visually control the environment, e.g. by rearing, and to withdraw and seek shelter In connection with food seeking or exploration of the environment it is very important for rabbits to gnaw as the behaviour of digging is connected to the need for seeking shelter, digging opportunities is not considered a must if provided with shelters

8 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 8 Environmental enrichment Definition: Any initiative that increases the amount of species specific behaviour and reduce or eliminate abnormal behaviour Give the animals more ability to conduct species specific behaviour Must reduce the amount of abnormal behaviour Increase the animals control of their environment

9 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 9 Five different types of enrichment Behavioural Social Artificial Food Control of environment

10 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 10 Health Daily observation of all animals Eating/drinking weekly weighing Natural grooming Activity level Defecating/urinating Normal breathing rhythm Bleedings, abscesses, tumours, bite wounds

11 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 11 Basic environmental needs Environmental provisions Ventilation: air changes pr. hour Temperature: C rabbits 15-21ºC Humidity: 55% ± 10% Light: 12:12

12 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 12 Physiological values for mice (Mus musculus) Lifespan: 2-3 years Weight: g Sexual maturity: 28 days Gestation period: days Litter size: cubs and 10 litters pr year Weaning age: 4 weeks

13 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 13 Optimal housing for mice Nesting material Gnawing stick Raised lid Optimal use of dead space

14 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 14 Physiological values for rats (Rattus norvegicus) Lifespan: 2-4 years Weight: 500-1,000 g Sexual maturity: 5-8 weeks Gestation period: days Litter size: cubs and 5 litters pr year Weaning age: 5 weeks

15 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 15 Optimal housing for rats Hides Nesting material Gnawing stick Raised lids to allow rearing Flexible cages to allow social housing

16 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 16

17 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 17 Physiological values for rabbits Lifespan: 5-10 years Weight: 2-5 kg Sexual maturity: 3-4 months Gestation period: days Litter size: 4-8 cubs and 2-4 litters pr year Weaning age: 7 weeks

18 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 18

19 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 19

20 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 20 Dosing of rodents and rabbits Enteral/gastrointestinal route Parenteral route p.o. = peroral dosing Tablets Diet Gavage i.m. = intramuscular injection s.c. = subcutaneous injection i.p. = intraperitonel injection i.v. = intravenous injection (also continuously)

21 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 21 Handling

22 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 22 Restraining

23 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 23 Peroral dosing (p.o.)

24 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 24 Peroral dosing (p.o.) Advantages: Cheap Easy Little risk Disadvantages: Low ph value and enzymes Local irritation First-pass metabolism

25 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 25 Intramuscular dosing (i.m.) Advantages: Generally a good way, but slower absorption than by i.v. injection Easy to perform Disadvantages: Cave: injection into blood vessels Must be sterile Only small doses Painful? Risk of tissue injury ph must be around physiological value Max. two injections pr. day

26 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 26 Subcutaneous dosing (s.c.) Advantages: Generally a good way, but slower absorption than by i.v. injection Easy to perform Disadvantages: Cave: injection into blood vessels Only non-irrigative drugs Must be sterile Very sensitive to nonphysiological ph value Max. three injections pr. day

27 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 27 Intraperitoneal dosing (i.p.)

28 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 28 Intraperitoneal dosing (i.p.) Advantages: Easy way of dosing Large amounts can be injected Not as sensitive to nonphysiological ph value Disadvantages: Risk of tissue injuries in the intraperitoneal cavity Important to know where you inject Must be sterile Painful? Not suitable in larger animals Only one daily injection

29 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 29 Intravenous dosing (i.v.) Advantages: Rapid max concentration quick response Easy to adjust amount of drugs Usage of Irrigative drugs and non-physiological ph value Disadvantages: Most dangerous way of injection; risk of toxic reaction, injuring of veins Must be sterile

30 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 30 Blood sampling - rodents Periorbitale venous plexus Anaesthesia Experienced staff Risk of injuries The animals must be observed for possible injuries in two days and might need analgesia or euthanasia

31 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 31 Blood sampling Tail vein Mandibular venous plexus Sublingual V. saphena V. jugularis Heart puncture or Aorta abdominalis terminal procedure and need of anaesthesia

32 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 32 Blood sampling - rabbits Ear vein without anaesthesia Venflon and vacutainer system or needle and syringe

33 Kurs i Forsøksdyrlære, Universitetet i Bergen, Lars Friis Mikkelsen 19 March 2010 Slide no 33 Still awake Any questions? LFMi@novonordisk.com