BIOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY. Recent Advances

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2 BIOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY Recent Advances

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4 BIOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY Recent Advances Edited by M.H. Fulekar Department of Life Sciences University of Mumbai, India

5 A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN (HB) ISBN (e-book) Copublished by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands with Capital Publishing Company, New Delhi, India. Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Springer, 233 Spring Street, New York 10013, USA. In all other countries, except India, sold and distributed by Springer, Haberstrasse 7, D Heidelberg, Germany. In India, sold and distributed by Capital Publishing Company, 7/28, Mahaveer Street, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi, , India. Cover photos credit: Photographs taken by the Editor during research studies. Top Effluent channel let out by industrial belt (Chembur, Mumbai, India). Bottom Industrial effluent treatment plant (Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India). Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved 2010 Capital Publishing Company No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in India.

6 I dedicate this book to my mother POWARA for the inspiration, motivation and blessings

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8 Preface Global society in 21 st century is facing the challenge of improving the quality of environment. Environmental pollutants have become major global concern due to rapid growth of industrialization, urbanization, modern agricultural development and energy generation. These resulted in indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources for fulfilling the human desires and needs, which have contributed in disturbing the ecological balance on which the quality of our environment depends. Human beings in true sense are the product of their environment. Man-environment relationship indicates that pollution has a social origin. The modern technological advancements in chemical processes have given rise to new products and new pollutants in much abundant level which are above the self-cleaning capacities of environment. One of the major issues in recent times is the threat to the human life caused due to the progressive deterioration of the environment. The contamination of ground water, surface water, soil and air with hazardous and toxic chemicals is one of the major problems the industrialized world faces today. As far as the solution to this problem is concerned, there is an urgent need to develop technologies that consume fewer resources, less time and would be environmental friendly. Therefore, biological approaches received great deal of attention in the recent years. One among the effective biological approaches to deal with the environmental contamination is bioremediation. Bioremediation is an attractive and potential alternative for treatment of contaminated environment. Bioremediation has been proved effective for treating soil and water contamination at numerous sites throughout the world, and is accepted as a viable remediation technology by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Environment Canada, and other regulatory agencies worldwide. Around the world bioremediation technologies are categorized as the innovative technologies. This book discusses bioremediation technology based remediation used on genetically modified microorganisms to restore contaminated sites and protect the environment. It studies the opportunities for more efficient biological processes in molecular biology and ecology. Notable accomplishments of these vii

9 viii Preface studies include the cleaning up of polluted water and contaminated land. The book identifies the bioremediation techniques other than traditional methods of waste treatment such as incineration, absorbent/adsorbent techniques, catalytic disruption, and destruction of pollutants etc. The book discusses in detail microorganisms that enzymatically attack the pollutants and convert them into harmless products. It analyses biodegradative pathways and biotransformation manipulations through plasmid strains of microorganism, employing recombinant DNA technology. The book includes invited papers by eminent contributors who provide cost effective bioremediation strategies to immobilize contaminants for cleanup of environment. Bioremediation technology summarizes Introduction to Bioremediation; Biodegradation techniques for pesticides treatment; Remediation of low level nuclear waste; Environmental nanotechnology for remediation of contaminants; Lignins and polyphenols in bioremediation; Biosorption in environmental remediation and Genetic engineering. It also describes application for remediation of environmental contaminants; Microorganisms and genes in the environment; Ecology of microbial consortium for biodegradation; Global status of environmental pollution; Improving plants for acquisitism of heavy metals; Bioengineering for bioremediation; Bioremediation of hydrocarbons in the environment; Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of heavy metals; Genomic approaches for bioremediation and Recombinant DNA technology for bioremediation. The book is directed towards postgraduate students in biotechnology/life sciences/environmental sciences/biosciences and researchers in universities, research institutes and industries. I express my gratitude to honourable Vice Chancellor, Prof. Vijay Khole, University of Mumbai and Pro-Vice Chancellor, Prof. A.D. Sawant for providing the necessary facilities and encouragement to compile this volume. I would like to acknowledge my family members with love and affection in particular my wife Dr. (Mrs.) Kalpana, children Jaya, Jyoti and Vinay and brothers Sacchidanand, Dilip, and Pawan. The technical support and constant encouragement received from my PhD students from the Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Mumbai are acknowledged with thanks. I strongly believe that the successful completion of this manuscript is possible because of the blessings of Almighty God. M.H. Fulekar Professor, Environmental Biotechnology University Department of Life Sciences University of Mumbai

10 Contributors Alina Petronela Stingu Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection Blvd. Mangeron, No 71, Iasi Romania Anamika Singh Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Mumbai Mumbai , India Asha A. Juwarkar Deputy Director & Head Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Nehru Marg, Nagpur India Dilip S. Ramteke Deputy Director, Environmental Impact Assessment Division National Environment & Engineering Research Institute Nagpur , India E.A. El-Sheikh Department of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University 44511, Egypt Gayatri Baul Department of Marine Biotechnology, Naval Materials Research Laboratory, Shil-Badlapur Road, Ambernath , India Irina Volf Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection Blvd. Mangeron, No 71, Iasi Romania M-B.A. Ashour Department of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University 44511, Egypt M.H. Fulekar Professor of Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Mumbai Santacruz (E), Mumbai India ix

11 x Contributors Maria Gavrilescu Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection Department of Environmental Engineering and Management 71 Mangeron Blvd., Iasi, Romania Prachy Dixit Plant Biotechnology and Secondary Products Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai , India Pradeep Kumar Scientist F Head, Marine Biotechnology Department of Marine Biotechnology, Naval Materials Research Laboratory, Shil-Badlapur Road, Ambernath , India Santosh K. Yadav Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Nehru Marg, Nagpur , India Soniya Dhanjal Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sector 39A Chandigarh , India Susan Eapen Scientific Officer, SO/H + Section Head, Nuclear Agriculture Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay Mumbai , India Swaranjit Singh Cameotra Institute of Microbial Technology MTCC and Gene Bank, Sector 39-A Chandigarh , India T. Chakrabarti Director, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg Nagpur , India T.K. Ghosh Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Nagpur , India V.V. Lakshmi Professor & Head Department of Applied Microbiology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visva Vidyalayam (Women s University), Tirupati , India Valentin I. Popa Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection Blvd. Mangeron, No 71 Iasi , Romania

12 Contents Preface Contributors vii ix 1. Global Status of Environmental Pollution and Its Remediation Strategies 1 M.H. Fulekar 2. Bioremediation of Xenobiotics-contaminated Sites: Concept and Selected Case Studies 7 T. Chakrabarti and T.K. Ghosh 3. Biosorption in Environmental Remediation 35 Maria Gavrilescu 4. Lignins and Polyphenols in Bioremediation 100 Valentin I. Popa, Alina Petronela Stingu and Irina Volf 5. Bioremediation Technology for Hazardous Wastes Recent Advances 135 M.H. Fulekar 6. Biodegradation Technology for Pesticide Toxicity Elimination 167 E.A. El-Sheikh and M-B.A. Ashour 7. Genomics Approach to Bioremediation 206 V.V. Lakshmi 8. Recombinant DNA Technology for Bioremediation of Pollutants 245 Pradeep Kumar and Gayatri Baul 9. Bioaccumulation and Biotransformation of Heavy Metals 266 Asha A. Juwarkar and Santosh K. Yadav 10. Reclamation & Remediation of Solid Waste through Bio-chemical Process 285 D.S. Ramteke xi

13 xii Contents 11. Phytoremediation of Low Level Nuclear Waste 315 M.H. Fulekar and Anamika Singh 12. Improving Plants for Zinc Acquisition 337 Prachy Dixit and Susan Eapen 13. Environmental Nanotechnology: Nanoparticles for Bioremediation of Toxic Pollutants 348 Swaranjit Singh Cameotra and Soniya Dhanjal Index 375

14 Global Status of Environmental Pollution and Its Remediation Strategies 1 1 Global Status of Environmental Pollution and Its Remediation Strategies M.H. Fulekar 1.1 Introduction Environmental pollution has become a major global concern due to rapid growth of industrialization, urbanization and modern agricultural development. Energy generation which have exploited natural resources for fulfilling human desires and needs, resulted in disturbing the ecological balance on which the quality of environment depends. Technological innovations and advancements in products and processes in industries have given rise to new products and new pollutants in abundant level which are above the self cleaning capacity of the environment. It is the industrial revolution that gave birth to environmental pollution. Pollution is introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder, harm and discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms. Pollution has become a popular issue after World War II when the aftermath of atomic warfare and testing made evident the perils of radioactive pollutant. Then a conventional catastrophic event, the smog of 1952 in London killed at least 8000 people. This massive event promoted some of the first major modern environmental legislation like the clean air act of Pollution began to draw major public attention in the United States between the mid-1950 s and early 1970 s when Congress passed the noise control act, the clean air act, the clean water act and the national environmental policy. Environmental pollution sources include: chemical plants, coal-fired power plants, oil refineries (Beychook, 1967), petrochemical plants, nuclear waste disposal activity, incinerators, large line stock farms, PVC factories, metal production factories, plastics factories, many industries and spraying of M.H. Fulekar (ed.), Bioremediation Technology: Recent Advances, 1 DOI / _1, Capital Publishing Company 2010

15 2 M.H. Fulekar pesticides. About 400 million metric tonnes of hazardous wastes are generated each year out of which the United States alone produces about 250 million metric tonnes. Americans constitute less than 5% of the world s population, but produce roughly 25% of the world s CO 2 and generate approximately 30% of world s waste. 1.2 Waste Disposal Wastes notably include municipal solid waste, construction and demolition waste, institutional waste, commercial waste, industrial waste, medical waste, radioactive waste, electronic waste and biodegradable waste. Waste is directly linked to human development, both technologically and socially. The composition of different wastes has varied over time and location directly linked to waste materials. Wastes are materials that are not prime products for which the generator has no further use in terms of production transformation or consumption, and therefore need to be disposed off. Wastes may be generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediates and final products, the consumption of final products and other human activities. The waste disposal onto land causes contaminants of the soil environment. 1.3 Water Pollution Water pollution is a major global problem due to disposal of waste in soil-water environment. It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases and that it accounts for the death of more than 14,000 people daily. An estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet, and 1000 Indian children die due to diarrheal sickness every day. Some 90% of China s cities suffer from degree of water pollution (Chinadaily.com.cn), and nearly 500 million people lack access to safe drinking water. In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in developing countries, industrialized countries continue to struggle with pollution problems as well. In the most recent national report on water quality in the United States, 45% of assessed stream miles, 47% of assessed lake acres, and 32% of assessed bay and estuarine square miles were classified as polluted. Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater. All water pollution affects organisms and plants that live in these bodies of water and in almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations but also to the natural biological communities. It occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment.