molecular genetics notes 2013_14 filled in.notebook February 10, 2014

Transcription

1 Feb 3 8:11 AM 1

2 Chapters 12 & 13: Molecular Genetics (pg ) Section 12.1: The Role of DNA I. The Main Functions of DNA A. Figure 12 4 (p. 342) B. DNA must be capable of: 1. Information 2. Information 3. Information C. Did Mendel (the pea plant guy) know about DNA? Jan 26 8:09 AM 2

3 Section 12.2: The Structure of DNA I. DNA Molecule A. DNA is a (a very molecule made of a chain of molecules together). B. DNA monomers are called /. C. DNA molecule drawing: D. There are only nucleotides / bases in all the in the. E. The bases are: 1. These four bases up ( / ) across the DNA strand to form. Jan 26 8:18 AM 3

4 F. A Strand of DNA 1. The two strands are the two strands correctly. G. Drawing of complimentary nucleotides: Jan 26 8:33 AM 4

5 II. Chromosome Composition A. DNA around, which are proteins. 1. The / structure and around itself into. 2. During the phase (why does this sound familiar...?), the chromatin coils up into. Figure 10 5 (pg. 280) Jan 26 8:50 AM 5

6 Section 12.3: DNA Replication I. What does it mean to replicate something? A. DNA is replicated during the phase (why does this sound familiar...?). B. Your drawing of DNA replication: D. DNA Replication in Real Life at 60,000X Magnification 1. Figure 12 8 on pg. 351 Jan 26 8:56 AM 6

7 E. The strands of DNA are ; this means that each strand has an strand that goes with it (each strand is a to the opposite strand). 1. This means that DNA can be used as a (just like in Microsoft Word or Google Docs). A can be used to build strands. F. The Process of DNA Replication 1. The DNA molecule's bonds are and it apart. 2., which is an enzyme, comes in and starts filling in the complimentary bases (which have been floating around in the nucleus). 3. This happens to sides of the DNA. 4. When it's all done, there are double strands of DNA 5. Each of these double strands is half and half. 6. This is called replication. Jan 26 9:19 AM 7

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9 G. Try Replicating this Strand of DNA: Jan 26 10:04 AM 9

10 pg. Section : RNA I. Structure of DNA vs. RNA A. DNA = RNA = B. Comparing DNA & RNA Sugar # of strands Nucleotides DNA RNA C. RNA 1. RNA is a disposable of. 2. types of RNA: a. RNA ( ) i. mrna sends info from to the. b. RNA ( ) i. trna carries an amino acid and helps translate the info in into. Jan 26 10:09 AM 10

11 D. Visualizing RNA as a Set of Master Plans and Blueprints E. Visualizing RNA Synthesis as it Occurs in Real Life (Drawing) Jan 26 10:20 AM 11

12 II. Transcription A. Definition of Transcription Transcription is the of a sequence of DNA (a specific ) into a sequence of ( > ). B. Steps of Transcription 1. (an enzyme) binds to the at the of a. 2. The RNA polymerase the (what does this actually mean?) 3. The RNA polymerase use side of the as a to make the new strand. 4. When it's finished, the falls off and the. 5. The DNA itself back up! Transcription Animation Jan 26 10:27 AM 12

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14 C. Draw an Example of Transcription: D. Practice TRANSCRIBING the Following DNA Sequences: Jan 26 10:54 AM 14

15 Section 13.2: The Genetic Code & Translation A. The Genetic Code: Background Information 1. are made by joining a of together. a. Remember Figure 2 13 on pg. 46? 2. The of the gives the its specific, which lets it do its. a. Remember Figure 7 11 on pg. 201? 3. The knows what order to put the in by the. a. Again, Figure 7 11 on pg. 201, anyone...? 4. Ribosomes and ( RNA) "read" the genetic code bases at a time. a. Each group of bases is called a. b. Each specifies a particular. 5. Codon Example: Jan 26 10:59 AM 15

16 6. How to Read Codons a. Use the circular table (Figure 13 6 on pg. 367) 7. Amino Acid Practice Problem AUG CCC GGA AUU 8. Essentials When Communicating a Message a. How do you know when a sentence begins and ends? b. How does a cell know when to begin and end protein synthesis? 1. codon = 2. codon = Jan 26 12:04 PM 16

17 9. Steps of Translation Transcription/Translation Simulator: Create a Protein Jan 26 12:11 PM 17

18 Section 13.3: Mutations Background: > > > BUT... IF there is a, THEN: A. Mutations can happen in: 1. a single. a. This turn into. 2. a gamete. a. This gives the to all the in the ( disease). B. Causes 1. Radiation a. Microwaves, rays (Sun), radioactive/nuclear, rays. 2. Carcinogens a. Carcinogens are that cause. 3. Viruses + bacteria 4. mistakes in DNA. I. Mutations are heritable in information. A. We last saw mutations in Figure on pg. 289 when we were discussing. II. There are basic types of mutations: A. mutations, which produce in a single. B. mutations, which produce in whole. 1. and are also called C. Types of Gene Mutations: mutations, because they the "reading frame" of the genetic message. a. Example: Jan 26 12:14 PM 18

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20 D. Types of Chromosomal Mutations: 1. Chromosomal mutations can change the: a. Location of genes on a chromosome. b. Number of copies of some genes. Jan 26 12:19 PM 20