Applications in Cardiology Hollow Fiber Membranes and Applications

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1 Applications in Cardiology Want is meant by the term silicones?; Describe in general terms a typical synthetic scheme for a silicone consisting of half PDMS and half polysiloxane; Describe three cross-linking schemes to making a silicone elastomer; What is meant by the term elastomer filler and what favorable properties do they provide; Describe the basic process of silicone multi-lumen catheter extrusion; Provide several examples of biomedical devices made from poly(siloxanes); List three attributes of poly(siloxanes) that make them a favorite material for biomedical devices; List four major application areas for biomaterials in Cardiology; What is a vascular graft and how are they used;; Why is there a need for artificial vascular grafts?; What are the three major types of vascular grafts? What are the ideal properties of a vascular prosthesis?; What are the common complications with any type of vascular graft?; What is meant by the term vascular access device and what are they used for?; Differentiate between the four main types of vascular access device; List three biomaterial applications in cardiac repair; How does a ventricular assist device work?; Describe four typical complications or biocompatibility issues with VADs; List several reasons for heart valve failure? What are the most common complications of heart valves? What is meant by the term cardiac pacemaker and what are their basic component parts; In your opinion, what is the most important material used in cardiological applications and why; Hollow Fiber Membranes and Applications Within the context of biomaterials, what is meant by the term hollow fiber ; List several important biomedical applications of hollow fibers; What is meant by the terms semipermeable or selectively permeable?; How are hollow fibers used in nerve repair?; Within the context of cell encapsulation, what is meant by the term immunoisolation ; What is meant by the term phase inversion?; How are hollow fibers made?; What types of equipment and reagents are required for fabricating a hollow fiber?; What is meant by the term annular spinneret?; How is the perm-selective skin of a hollow fiber membrane created?;

2 Why do many types of hollow fibers have an anisotropic wall architecture?; What does the ultra-topography of the inner skin look like and why it thought to have this characteristic structure?; How does one characterize the sieving or ultrafiltration properties of a hollow fiber membrane?; What is meant by the term Molecular Weight Cut-off (MWCO)?; What is meant by the term hindered diffusion?; What is meant by the term extracorporeal artificial organ ; Describe how a hemodialyzer is constructed and how it functions; What are the primary issues that determine hemodialysis biocompatibility?; What is meant by the term hemofiltration and how do it differ from hemodialysis ; What is the chemical nature of Cuprophane?; What are the clinical symptoms most frequently observed after the use of cuprophan hemodialyzers?; What is meant by the term membrane plasma separation ; Provide an example of a bioartificial device and describe how it functions: Hydrogels Provide a comprehensive definition of the term hydrogel ; Describe the various chemical schemes that can participate in the constructuion of a hydrogel network; What is meant by the term intelligent or smart hydrogels and provide two examples; What is meant by the term smart polymer hydrogel and provide two examples; What is meant by the phrase hydrogel water content can vary from 10-95%?; How is swelling behavior characterized empirically?; What is meant by the term supramacromolecule? What two characteristics determine the size of a swollen hydrogel network?; What is meant by the term xerogel?; What is the chemical nature of chitosan and where is it derived?; How are xerogels and hydrogels used in drug delivery applications; List five naturally occurring hydrogels; List the functions of biological hydrogels; List five synthetic hydrogels; What are the common chemical attributes of hydrogels? What is meant by the term polyelectrolyte hydrogels and how are they used?; Differentiate between hylauronic acid and alginic acid in terms of structure and function; Describe a scheme for encapsulating cells in a biocompatible hydrogel coating using polyelectrolytes;

3 Applications in Opthalmology Describe the chemical nature of polyacrylates ; How are poly(acrylates) synthesized?; Describe four significant events in the historical development of contact lens; Describe why the original PMMA contact lens were not as biocompatible as phema lens; Differentiate pmma and phema contact lens on the basis of structure and performance; What is meant by the term soft Hydrogel contact lens and provide two examples of a commercial formulation; What is the advantage of adding siloxane monomers into a contact lens?; List the properties that make phema useful as a contact lens material; List three ways by which contact lens can be fabricated; What is a cataract?; What is meant my the term IOL?, and, list the common materials used for making intraocular lens; What was the first material used for making IOL s and why was it chosen?; What is the advantage of using a foldable IOL?; What are the most common complications with IOL s; What is meant by the term calification ; What type of additives are added to IOL s to protect the retina; What are the two major causes of lens opacification?; What is meant by a 3-pience lens ; What is the chemical nature of the calcification; Describe two future technological developments in the IOL industry; Metals and Applications in Orthopedics On a broad level, list the various types of biomaterials; From an engineering perspective, what are the advantages of using metals as biomaterials; List 4 applications of metals and provide specific examples of devices and their uses; List several physical properties that are characteristics of metals; List several chemical properties that are characteristics of metals; Provide a simple chemical definition of metals; List three common lattice types and describe how they are related to mechanical properties; What is meant by the statement the details of the processing can strongly affect the mechanical properties of a metal ; What is meant by the term grain formation ; From a structural perspective, what is meant by the term phase ; Describe two defects in lattice architecture and provide an explanation of how they affect mechanical behavior of the solid; What is meant by the term fatigue failure ;

4 How are the mechanical properties of the metal related to its internal structure?; Describe two methods of increasing the strength of a metal; What is meant by the term alloy ; What are the two principle types of alloys; List several important alloys and their uses; What is meant by the term strain hardening ; List three common metals used as biomaterials; For long term use, What metals are preferred and why?; Convince me that you understand the size of the orthopedic biomaterials market; What are the two major classes of orthopedic devices and provide two examples of each type: Describe the principal components of the total hip and provide a list of materials employed in a typical device; List three alloys used in the orthopedic applications; Describe three clinical concerns or complications observed with the use of orthopedic biomaterials; Name one new othropedica biomaterials and why it was introduced; What are the primary cytokines associated with particle-induced osteolysis, and what is the primary cell type involved in this process?: Describe the major cause of revision surgery with the TKR Ceramics and Glasses Differentiate the terms ceramic and glass ; How do metals compare with ceramics in terms of physical properties?; What are the generally accepted advantages and disadvantages of using ceramics as biomaterials?; List several orthopedic applications of ceramics; Describe two types of bioceramic-tissue attachment; List several dental applications of ceramics; What are the four most commonly used ceramics?; What is meant by the term osteintegration and how is it achieved; Describe the various possible conceptual interactions of ceramics and tissue; Describe a generic processing scheme for processing a ceramic implant; List two commonly used structural bioceramics; Provide two common failure mechanisms of the total artificial hip; What is the composition of dental porcelain?; What is meant by the term calcium phosphates?; What is the inorganic component of bones and teeth?; List several ways that calcium hydroxyapatite is employed in the biomedical device industry; What is meant by the term bioceramic coating? and, what is a rationale for their use?; What is meant by the term tissue engineering ;

5 Describe a tissue engineering scheme to replace bone in a defective mandible? Adhesives and Sealents Define the terms adhesion and adhesive ; What is meant by the term sealant ; How are adhesives and sealants used as biomaterials?; List several ways that can be used to classify adhesive materials; As an design engineer, what generally needs to be considered in the selection of a particular adhesive?; List the factors that determine the breaking strength of an adhesive joint; List three adhesives used in medicine; Differentiate between different bonding mechanisms; What is meant by the term surface treatment and how do the various treatments increase adhesive bond strength; Differentiate between the various terms used in failure analysis; Differentiate between the two major types of adhesives and provide an example of each; What is meant by the term light cured system ; Describe some of the fundamental characteristics of light cure adhesives; What are some of the typical applications of light cure adhesives; From an biomedical engineering perspective, what are the benefits of adhesives; From an biomedical engineering perspective, what are the limitations of adhesives; What is meant by the term bone cement ; Convince the reader that you know something of the historical development of dental implanation; What is meant by the term subperiosteal device ; What is the current trend in research and development of dental implantation devices?; On the basis of their limitations, differentiate between cyanacrylate adhesives, light cured acrylate adhesives; epoxy adhesives; and polyurethane adhesives; What is meant by the term adhesive dentistry?; Describe how sealants are used; What is a glass ionomer cement and how is it used; Glass ionomer restorations are bacteriostatic- explain; Glass iomers are composites-explain; What is the most common dental resin used in composite restorations?; What is meant by the term inorganic filler?; How are restorations like sustained release formulations? Biodegradable materials Using graphical representation, show what is meant by the term polymer degradation ;

6 Provide a rationale for the use of degradable materials in orthopedic medicine; List several advantages for the use of biodegradable implants; Provide four general structural formulas depicting degradable functional groups; Be able to identify the most likely hydrolytic sites in common structural formulae; List several natural and several synthetic degradable polymers used in medical applications; What are the advantages of synthetic degradable polymers over natural ones?; Outline the synthesis of poly(glycolic acid); With a graph, describe how varying the ratio of PGA to PLA influences the time of degradation of the co-polymer; What are the two most common mechanisms of biodegradation?; With respect to biomedical device design, differentiate between surface and bulk degradation; List the most important factors that affect the behavior of degradable polymers; List five common methods for studying polymer degradation; What would a comparison of Tgs tell you about the degradation of two different PGLA copolymers; How is average molecular weight influenced over time?; What methods would you use to study how average molecular weight is affected over time; List several medical specialties which make use of degradable materials and provide specific examples of their applications; Lecture TE and Biomaterial Processing What is meant by the term tissue engineering scaffold ; What is meant by the term tissue induction?; What is meant by the term prevascularization?; What is meant by the term in situ polymerization?; Describe how a porous scaffold would be prepared using the solvent casting method; Differentiate between the terms particle leaching, ball leaching and filament leaching; What are the major consideration when using a leaching process to create a porous scaffold or substrate; What are the major methods for creating porous tissue engineering scaffolds; What is the difference between melt spinning and electrospinning processes; Describe a simple way to create a scaffold using thermoplastic filaments; In the future, how is it envisioned that imaging can be integrated into the manufacture of tissues for therapeutic use?; Good luck and thanks for taking my class. I hope you have learned much about biomaterials and their applications in medicine.