Estimation of combining ability and gene action for yield and its components in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh]

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1 Indian J. Agric. Res., 51(6)2017 : Print ISSN: / Online ISSN: X AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE Estimation of combining ability and gene action for yield and its components in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh] Rakesh Kumar Maida*, M.P. Patel, Chandrabhan Ahirwar and A.M. Patel Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, C.P. College of Agriculture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar , Gujarat, India. Received: Accepted: DOI: /IJARe.A-4785 ABSTRACT Twenty eight hybrids developed by utilizing eight parents in 8 x 8 diallel mating design excluding reciprocals were evaluated in randomized block design with three replications for twelve characters in order to understand the combining ability and gene action in pigeonpea. The analysis of variance for combining ability revealed presence of additive and non- additive gene action. The ratio of gca/sca variance was less than unity which indicated the preponderance of non- additive gene action for action in the control of pod length, harvest index, protein content and leaf area. The estimates of general combining ability suggested that parents ICPL-87119, GT-103 and AGT-2 were good general combiners for seed yield per plant and its attributing characters while, hybrids UPAS-120 x GT-103, BSMR-853 x BANAS and BSMR-853 x GT-1 showed the higher order sca effect for seed yield per plant. These cross combinations can be potentially utilized in hybrid breeding programmes. Key words:- Combining ability, Diallel analysis, Gene action, Hybrids, Pigeonpea. INTRODUCTION Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.], (2n= 2x= 22) is the second most important pulse crop after chickpea in India and ranks fifth in the world. It is also known as redgram, tur or arhar. It belongs to the family Leguminaceae, subfamily papilionaceae and sub tribe Cajaninae. Pigeonpea differs from other legumes as it exhibits large variation (20 70%) in natural out crossing, it can be considered as an often cross-pollinated crop (Saxena et al., 1990).The seed of pigeonpeacontains 20-21% protein (Sodavadiya et al., 2009) and used as Dal,an important constituent of the Indian meal. It isa rich source of protein, carbohydrate and certain vital minerals useful for health (Gopalan et al., 1971). Protein content of commonly grown pigeonpea cultivars ranges from 17.9 and 24.3 g per 100 g for whole grain samples and between 21.1 and 28.1g per 100g for split grains (Salunkhe et al., 1986). In India pigeonpea is cultivated on 3.90 million hectares, with 3.17 million tones production with productivity of 813 kg/ha (Anonymous, 2015). To promote the pigeonpea production, genetic improvement has been attempted by researchers for more than five decades and a number of cultivars were developed through hybridization programme and selection from land races. However, the progress in the genetic improvement of yield potential has been quite low in comparison to other commercial field crops. This necessitieses undertaking detail genetic studies of yield and its components traits. Combining ability analysis enables the breeder to select appropriate parents for incorporation in the hybridization programme. It provides the vital and necessary information on the nature of gene action governing the expression of the character (Salimath et al., 1985). The ability of parent to combine will depend on complex interaction among genes, which cannot be predicted from yield ability of parents (Kumar et al., 1999).The success of breeding procedure is determined by the useful gene combinations organized in the form of lines having good combining abilities. The knowledge of gene action and combining ability is the prerequisite for formulation of an efficient breeding plan for further genetic improvement. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental materials for the present investigation consist of eight genotype viz., UPAS 120, ICPL 87119, BSMR 853, AGT 2, GT 1, GT 101, BANAS and GT 103 of diverse geographic and genetic origin. The crosses were made in a diallel mating design during Kharif A set of 36 entries, including eight parents, their 28 crosses were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications during Kharif at S. D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar. Each entry was sown in a single row of 3.0 m length keeping inter row and intra row distance of 60cm and 20cm, respectively. The observations were recorded both as visual assessment and measurement on individual plants. The individual plant observations were recorded on five randomly *Corresponding author s maidasdau1272@gmail.com

2 selected competitive plants for days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length (cm), number of seeds per pod, seed yield per plant (g), 100-seed weight (g), harvest index (%), protein content (%) and leaf area (cm 2 ). The data were subjected to analysis of diallel mating design (Kempthorne, 1957) to obtain information on combining ability variance and effects, gene action and heterosis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analysis of variance for combining ability revealed that gca variances were highly significant for all the characters, while sca variances were significant for all the characters except for plant height, number of seeds per pod and 100-seed weight (Table-1).The ratio gca/sca variances was less than unity which indicated the preponderance of non- additive gene action in the control of pod length, harvest index, protein content and leaf area (Table-2). Similar results were reported by Acharya et al., (2009), Pandey et al., (2014) and Mhasal et. al., (2015).The presence of predominantly large amount of non-additive gene action would be useful for its exploitation in population having considerable necessitating heterozygosity in an often cross pollinated crop like pigeonpea as well as for exploitation of heterosis. In present study, it was observed that none of the parents was good general combiner simultaneously for all the traits. The general combining ability effect of different parents for various characters indicated that three parents viz., ICPL-87119, GT-103 and AGT-2 were good general combiners for seed yield per plant along with number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length and 100-seed weight. These lines are expected to yield desirable segregates and hybrids for these traits in crosses with diverse lines (Table-3). Similar results were reported by Chauhan and Tikka (2003), and Rama et al., (2010). High general combining ability along with high per se performance is desirable for selection parents in hybridization programme. In the present study, parents ICPL , GT-103 and AGT-2 were best general combiners based on gca and best parents based on per se performance for seed yield per plant. Further, parent UPAS-120 showed high negative gca effects for days to flowering and days to maturity. Parents GT-1 and GT-101 exhibited high gca effects for days to flowering, days to maturity, number of branches per plant, seed yield per plant, 100-seed weight and leaf area.similar results were reported by Chauhan and Tikka (2003) and Acharya et al., (2009). The high gca effects are related to additive gene effects and additive x additive interaction effect (Griffing, 1956) which represent the fixable component of genetic variation. Keeping this in view and considering overall performance of the gca effects, parents ICPL-87119, GT- 103 and AGT-2 should be used in an intensive breeding Volume 51 Issue 6 (December 2017) 551 Table 1:Analysis of variance for combining ability in respect of various characters in pigeonpea Source of d. f. Days to Days to Plant No. of branches No. of pods Pod No. of seeds Seed yield 100- seed Harvest Protein Leaf variation flowering maturity height(cm) per plant per plant length (cm) per pod per plant(g) weight (g) index (%)content (%) area (cm 2 ) GCA ** ** ** ** ** 0.09** 0.09 ** ** 1.33** 9.62** 0.54** ** SCA ** ** ** ** 0.05 * ** ** 0.41** ** Error

3 552 INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH Table 2: Estimation of genetic components of variance and their ratio for various characters in pigeonpea Genetic Days to Days to Plant No. of branches No. of pods Pod No. of seeds Seed yield 100- seed Harvest Protein Leaf area components flowering maturity height (cm) per plant per plant length (cm) per pod per plant (g) weight (g) index (%) content (%) (cm 2 ) of variance s 2 gca s 2 sca s 2 gca/s 2 sca Table 3: Estimation of general combining ability (gca) effects of the parents for various characters in pigeonpea Parents Days to Days to Plant No. of branches No. of pods Pod No. of seeds Seed yield 100- seed Harvest Protein Leaf variation flowering maturity height(cm) per plant per plant length (cm) per pod per plant(g) weight (g) index (%)content (%) area (cm 2 ) UPAS ** ** -9.07** -1.92** ** -0.19** -0.22** ** -0.82** ** ICPL ** 9.46** 4.94** 0.52** 14.06** 0.12* ** 0.28** 1.31** 0.32** BSMR ** 7.80*** -7.98** -0.79** AGT ** 11.23** 4.03** 0.77** 10.50* ** 4.38** GT ** -3.66** 4.14** 0.93** 10.03* ** 0.21 ** 1.46 ** ** GT ** -3.83** 3.42** 0.93** ** 0.34 ** -1.00* ** BANAS * * * -0.45** GT ** -1.43** ** ** S. Em.±

4 Volume 51 Issue 6 (December 2017) 553 Table 4: Estimates of specific combining ability (sca) effect of the crosses for various characters in pigeonpea Crosses DF DM PH NBPP NPPP PL NSPP SYPP 100- SW HI PC LA UPAS-120 ICPL ** -7.08** * ** * -1.15** ** UPAS-120 BSMR ** -9.08** * UPAS-120 AGT ** ** ** ** ** -0.55* UPAS-120 GT ** ** UPAS-120 GT ** ** UPAS-120 BANAS UPAS-120 GT ** ** ** * ICPL BSMR * * 0.98** * ICPL AGT ** -8.55** * ICPL GT ** ICPL GT ** 7.51** * ** ** ICPL BANAS 6.87** 6.68** ICPL GT ** 4.11* * BSMR-853 AGT ** -9.05* -0.66* ** BSMR-853 GT ** 5.01** * ** BSMR-853 GT ** ** * BSMR-853 BANAS 2.63** 3.34* * 0.43** ** ** BSMR-853 GT ** 9.44** * ** -0.82* AGT-2 GT ** 7.24** * AGT-2 GT * 10.41** ** AGT-2 BANAS ** * * * AGT-2 GT ** 5.34** GT-1 GT ** -4.68** GT-1 BANAS ** * ** * ** GT-1 GT ** -9.08** ** ** ** GT-101 BANAS -1.96* -6.01** * GT-101 GT ** * * -0.26* -7.89* BANAS GT * * S. Em.± Range to to to to to to to to to to 1.45 to to DF=Days to flowering, DM=Days to maturity, PH=Plant height (cm), NBPP=No. of branches per plant, NPPP=No. of pods per plant, PL=Pod length (cm), NSPP=No. of seeds per pod, SYPP=Seed yield per plant (g), 100SW=100- seed weight (g), HI=Harvest index (%), PC= Protein content (%) and LA= Leaf area (cm2)

5 554 INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH programme to exploit the additive and non-additive components of variation of the yield and its contributing characters. Involving these lines in multiple crossing programmes recombinant population may be developed for isolating high yielding genotypes (Table-5). The estimation of specific combining ability effects revealed that cross combinations UPAS-120 x GT-103, BSMR-853 x BANAS and BSMR-853 x GT-1 exhibited significant and positive sca effects for seed yield per plant. Further, these combinations also had the higher order sca effects for the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length and protein content (Table-4).These finding were also in confirmation of Kumar et al.,(2001) and Rama (2010). The hybrids UPAS-120 x GT-103 (65.32), BSMR- 853 x BANAS (40.14) and ICPL x AGT-2 (22.12) exhibiting significant and positive sca effects for number of pods per plant resulted from poor x good, average x average and good x good parents, respectively. Hybrids BSMR-853 x BANAS (0.43) and BSMR-853 x GT-1 (0.40) exhibited significant and positive sca effects for pod length. The estimation of specific combining ability effects revealed that cross combinations BSMR-853 x BANAS (0.20), AGT-2x GT-1 (0.18) and UPAS-120 x GT-103 (0.17) exhibited significant and positive sca effects for number of seeds per pod. Hybrids viz.,icpl x AGT-2 (0.41), ICPL xgt-1 (0.40) and GT-1x GT-103(0.38) exhibited significant and positive sca effects for 100-seed weight(table-4).similar findings were also reported by Kumar et al., (2001) and Acharya et al., (2009). The best three crosses selected on the best of sca effects and per se performancefor all the characters is present Table 5: Three top ranking hybrids with respect to per se performance and sca effects and heterosis over better parent and Standard Check (GT-103) Characters Crosses SCA effectsgca effects of parents and status Heterosis over P1 P2 Status BP SC Days to flowering UPAS-120 BSMR ** ** 6.89** G x P ** -5.51** UPAS-120 ICPL ** ** 10.32** G x P ** 0 AGT-2 GT ** 5.09** -3.80** P x G ** Days to maturity UPAS-120 AGT ** ** 11.23** G x P ** ** GT-1 GT ** -3.66** -1.43** G x G ** -9.25** UPAS-120 BSMR ** ** 7.80** G x P ** ** Plant height (cm) BSMR-853 AGT * -7.89** 4.03** P x G 14.87** BSMR-853 GT ** 0.93** G x P ** BSMR-853 GT ** 4.14** G x P -9.32* No. of branches per GT-1 GT ** 0.93** G x A 8.72* 49.60** plant ICPL BSMR * G x P ** GT-101 GT * G x A ** No. of pods per plant UPAS-120 GT ** ** 14.68** P x G 1 1 BSMR-853 BANAS 40.14* A x A ICPL AGT ** 10.50* G x G Pod length (cm) BSMR-853 BANAS 0.43** G x A 14.12** 2.49 BSMR-853 GT * G x A UPAS-120 GT P x A No. of seeds perpod BSMR-853 BANAS A x A AGT-2 GT ** 0.01 G x A UPAS-120 GT ** 0.03 P x A Seed yieldperplant (g) UPAS-120 GT ** ** 5.63** P x G BSMR-853 BANAS 18.04** A x A 27.61** BSMR-853 GT ** ** A x G 17.50* seed weight (g) ICPL AGT ** G x A ICPL GT **.021 G x G GT-1 GT ** 0.08 G x A Harvest index (%) BSMR-853 GT ** ** A x P GT-1 GT ** 1.46** G x A 14.97* UPAS-120 ICPL * ** A x G * Protein content (%) ICPL BSMR * 0.32** A x - A * UPAS-120 GT A x A ** ICPL GT ** 0.15 G x A ** Leaf area (cm 2 ) BSMR-853 BANAS ** A x A 30.92** 28.29** GT-1 GT ** ** G x A ** ICPL AGT * A x A 8.78* 20.69**

6 in Table 5. The crosses viz., UPAS-120 x GT-103, BSMR- 853 x BANAS, and BSMR-853 x GT-1 recorded significant and high sca effects for seed yield per plant and were resulted from poor x good, average x average and average x good general combiners, respectively. Better performance of hybrids involving high x low or low x low general combiners indicated dominance x dominance type of gene interaction. The crosses showing high sca effects involving one good general combiner indicated additive x dominance type gene interaction which exhibited the high heterotic performance for yield and yield related traits. For developing high yielding varieties crossing may be initiated involving parents viz., UPAS-120 for earliness and, BSMR-853 for dwarfness, AGT-2, ICPL and GT- 103 for seed yield per plant, BSMR-853 for harvest index and ICPL-87119, GT-1 and GT-101 for protein content. A an efficient hybrid breeding programme takes into consideration, parents with desirable per se performance and good specific combining ability for the traits under consideration. The crosses viz., UPAS-120 x GT-103, BSMR-853 x BANAS and BSMR-853 x GT-1 were found most promising for seed yield on the basis of per se performance, and sca effect. Hence, these hybrids should be Volume 51 Issue 6 (December 2017) 555 studied in detail for commercial exploitation of heterosis and getting desired segregants during subsequent segregating. CONCLUSION The analysis of variance for combining ability indicated that gca variances were highly significant for all characters, while sca variances were highly significant for all the characters except for plant height, number of seed per pod and 100-seed weight. The ratio of gca/sca variances was less than unity which indicated the preponderance of non- additive gene in the control of pod length, harvest index, protein content and leaf area. The estimates of general combining ability suggested that parents ICPL-87119, GT- 103 and AGT-2 were good general combiners for seed yield and its attributing characters. The crosses UPAS-120 x GT- 103 (26.55), BSMR-853 x BANAS (18.04) and BSMR-853 x GT-1 (10.30) showed the higher order sca effect for seed yield per plant and involved poor x good, average x average and average x good combining parents. The best three crosses selected on the basis of per se performance; heterosis and sca effects for seed yield per plant were UPAS-120 x GT- 103, BSMR-853 x BANAS and BSMR-853 x GT-1. These crosses may be further studies for commercial exploitation of hybrid vigour. REFERENCES Acharya, S., Patel, J.B., Tank, C.J. and Yadav, A.S. (2009). Heterosis and combining ability studies in Indo-African crosses of pigeonpea. Journal of Food Legumes,22(2): Anonymous (2015). Annual Report.Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur.pp Chauhan, R.M. and Tikka, S.B.S. (2003).Combining ability analysis studies in pigeonpea. Gujarat Agricultural Universities Research Journal,28(1): 5-8. Gopalan, C., Ramsastri, B.V. and Balasubramanian, S.C. (1971). Nutritive Values of Indian Foods. National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad, India.pp.204. Griffing, B. (1956). Concept of general and specific combining ability in relation to diallel crossing systems. Australian Journal of Biological Science, 9: Kempthorne, O. (1957). An introduction to Genetic Statistics. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Kumar, S., Rheenen, H.A. and Sing, O. (1999).Genetic analysis of different components of crop duration in chickpea. Indian Journal of Genetics, 55: Kumar.A., Srivastava, D.P., Singh, I.P. and Dixit, G.P. (2001). Combining ability analysis of male steile lines and hybrids in pigeonpea. Legume Research, 24(3): Mhasal, G.S., Marawar, M.W., Solanke, A.C. and Tayade, S.D. (2015). Heterosis and combining ability studies in medium duration pigeonpea F 1 hybrids. Journal of Agricultural Science,53(1): Pandey, N. (2004). Line x tester analysis in long duration hybrid pigeonpea. Legume Research,27(2): Rama, D.S.,Prasanthi, L., Reddy, K.H.P. and Reddy, B.V.B. (2010). Gene action for yield and yield contributing characters in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.].Current Biotica,5(2): Salimath, P.M., Bahl, P.N. and Mehta, R.B. (1985). Genetic diversity in chickpea (Cicer arietinum ). Pflanzenzuchtg,92: Salunkhe, D.K., Chavan, J.K. and Kadam, S.S. (1986). Pigeonpea as important food source. Critical Review Food Science and Nutrition,23(2): Saxena, K.B., Singh, L. and Gupta, M.D. (1990).Variation for natural out-crossing in pigeonpea. Euphytica,46: Sodavadiya, P.R., Pithia, M.S., Savaliya, J.J., Pansuriya, A.G. and Korat, V.P. (2009). Studies on characters association and path analysis for seed yield and its components in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.). Legume Research,32: