Journal of Innovative Research and Solution (JIRAS)- A unit of UIIRS Print- ISSN: / Online ISSN Volume1 Issue No.

Transcription

1 JJS YIELD PERFORMANCE OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES PEEL AS SUBSTRATES FOR THE CULTIVATION OF OYSTER MUSHROOM (Pleurotus florida) V. Lalithadevy 1, Dr. Josephine Nirmala Many 2 1 Ph.D Scholar, 2 Associate Professor Department of Home Science, Bharathidasan Govt. College for Women (Autonomous) Pondicherry, India. .Id: lalitha1980@ymail.com 1, nirmalamany@gmail.com 2 Abstract: Mushroom cultivation is the only economically viable technology process wherein waste materials may be converted into valuable food, thus can utilize most agricultural waste as substrates. Fruits and vegetables peel, which are found in great amounts during processing are very rich in bioactive components which are considered to have a beneficial effect on health. In the present research work the Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus florida) was cultivated in different Fruits and vegetables peel (Sweet lime, Water melon, Banana, Pomegranate, Onion, Greenplantain, Potato, Tapioca) alone and in combination of different proportion with paddy straw. During the study period, mycelia was not noticed in the most of the selected peels like banana peel, watermelon peel, sweet lime peel, onion peel, potato peel, greenplantain peel. The lowest days (16.0 days) to complete mycelium ramification was recorded on Tapioca peel (100%) followed by Paddy straw 100% (control) as days. Maximum yield was recorded in substrate bed prepared from Tapioca peel (100%), as g/bed with biological efficiency of % which was found to show similar results when compared with control substrate which recorded g/bed with biological yield of %. the Pomegranate peel and Paddy straw (1:3) recorded low yield of g/bed when compared with Control substrate. Utilization of fruit and vegetable peels as the substrate for cultivation of Pleurotus florida will, therefore, reduce the cost of mushroom production and will recycle the peels in an eco-friendly way to get rid of its disposal problem. Keywords: Bio- Efficiency, Fruit and Vegetable peels, Mushroom cultivation, Pleurotus florida. Introduction The usage of Mushrooms is increasing day by day throughout the world due to their significant role in human health and nutrition (Mshandete, 2011). Mushrooms are fungus of saprophytic species of fleshy spore bearing fruiting body growing above the ground on soil or on dead organic matter of vegetative origin (Rashad etal., 2009). Thus Mushroom cultivation is an economical viable biotechnology process where waste materials, crop residues may be converted into valuable food (Wood, ). Among the numerous species of mushroom, Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus florida) are more advantages over other mushroom in terms of easy for cultivation, role in biodegradation and bioremediation, extracellular enzymes production and neutraceuticals production (Rashad etal., 2009). Mushrooms are usually grown on rice or wheat straw, but several research studies reports that it can be grown on a wide range of lignocellulosic wastes like straw of sorghum and maize, pseudostemof banana, cotton stalk, pea shells, banana ;eaves, beam straw, ground nut shells, sugarcane

2 baggase, sunflower husks, wheat straw, wood logs, chopped cocoa pods, cotton waste, dried chopped maize straw, oil palm (fibre and bunch) wastes, tobacco straw, used tea leaves, ragi straw, old rags and saw dust, water hyanciah., etc., ( Bano, 1979; Bhavani etal., 1989; Popp etal., 1995; Tagwira etal., 1999; Banjo etal., 2004; and Bandopadhyay. 2013). Fruit and vegetable peels, which are outcomes of its processing are very rich in bioactive components which are considered to have health beneficial effect. For the present study, Fruit and Vegetable peels were utilized as substrate in mixture with Paddy straw for the cultivation of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida). Methodology PROCUREMENT OF SPAWN The bed spawn species of Oyster mushroom(pleurotus florida) is obtained from Perunthalivar Kamarajar Krishi Vigan Kendra (PKKVK), Agricultural Research Institute, Puducherry, India for the present study. SELECTION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PEEL Fruit and Vegetable peels like sweet lime, water melon, banana, pomegranate, onion, greenplantain, potato and tapioca were selected and collected from market area of Puducherry town at free of cost. Paddy straw was collected from Agriculture field, Puducherry. Preparation of Fruit and Vegetable Peels The collected fruit and vegetable peels substrate was cleaned thoroughly to remove the surface impurities and chopped into small pieces (2-3 inches), sundried and stored in airtight sterilized gunny bags to carry out the further research work. SELECTION OF SUBSTRATE PROPORTION FOR MUSHROOM CULTIVATION The Peel: Paddystraw substrate proportion is given below are in accordance with Mandol etal., (2010) shown in table 1. This was followed for all eight peels. Table 1. Substrate Proportion Substrate Ratio of Peel : Paddystraw Substrate (Control) 0:1 Substrate 1 1:0 Substrate 2 3:1 Substrate 3 1:1 Substrate 4 1:3 PREPARATION OF SUBSTRATES FOR SPAWNING According to Lakshmipathy etal., (2012), the substrate was prepared. The dried substrate (1 kg) was soaked in water and Autoclaved at C. It was air dried under shade recommended by Islam et al., (2009). Cultivation of Mushroom Spawning is the process of mixing spawn in the sterilized substrates (Singh and Singh, 2011). 100gram of bed spawn grain was mixed with 1kg of each sterilized substrate as different layers (Lakshmipathy etal, 2012), spawns (100gram) were sowed over the four layers of substrate and nearly 25g of spawn was laid on each layer and filled into polythene bags of 16 centimeter X 24 centimeter long. The mouth of the bag was tied and holes of about 1cm diameter were made for proper aeration. Then the spawned 221

3 beds were labeled according to peel substrate they contained and incubated in the dark room under normal temperature with 80-90% relative humidity and allowed to complete whitest mycelia growth under darkness (ie. Mycelium Ramification). After Mycelium Ramification, the substrate beds were then shifted to the cropping shed. Proper ventilation, Watering and Temperature of 25 o C - 35 o C with relative humidity 80-90% was maintained for the primordial appearance and fruiting body to develop quickly and later harvested by gentle twisting the fruit bodies. Parameters for measuring mushroom yield efficiency from various substrates Mycelium ramification (MRT) The date at which bags were put into the incubation room was marked. The date at which each bag attained full mycelium ramification in each treatment was, also marked and the average number of days was then calculated for each replicate and the calculation of the total number of days to full ramification was calculated using the averages of each replicate. Duration For Primordial Appearance (PT) Time in days that elapsed between the day of inoculation and the day of first pinhead formation was calculated. Duration For Harvesting (HT) Time in days that elapsed between the day of first pinhead formation and the day of harvesting was calculated. Duration for Cropping (T) The total duration of cropping was calculated from the sum of primordial initiation (Pt) and primordial initiation to harvest days (Ht). Biological Efficiency (BE) Mean fresh weight of the consequent flushes of each bag was calculated for Mean yield (gram per kilogram per bed). The percentage of the total fresh weight (gram) of all the harvested mushrooms was worked against the dry weight (gram) of each substrate to obtain the biological efficiency (Ahmed etal., 2013). Biological efficiency (BE) was determined by the following formula Mean weight of fresh mushroom BE= X100 Weight of dry substrate Results and Discussion Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus florida) cultivated on banana peel, watermelon peel, sweet lime peel, pomegranate peel, onion peel, potato peel, green plantain peel and tapioca peel in separately and with varied combination of paddy straw. The study period, revealed that mycelia was not observed in the most of the substrates with banana peel, watermelon peel, sweet lime peel, onion peel, potato peel, green plantain peel. This may be due to the presence of excess water in the substrate and lack of proper aeration. This result was supported by an earlier report defining the variation in the colonization of different substrates could be due to the variation in the amount of moisture observed during boiling, which is one of the critical factors responsible for mycelia growth (Metha, 1985). Growth of mushroom was successful only in Pomegranate peel in combinations with Paddystraw and Tapioca peel and its combinations with Paddy straw supported better growth of the mushrooms. The yield was studied with the parameters like Mycelium Ramification (MRt), Total 222

4 Cropping Period of Pleurotus florida (oyster mushroom) on Pomegranate and Tapioca peel in various combinations are given in table 2. Mycelium Ramification It was observed that the Control Paddystraw(100%) took days for Mycelium Ramification (table 2). This was compared with the other ratio substrates and found that Tapioca peel (100%) was almost nearing to Control, it was observed in 16.0 days in all beds whereas in other substrates Tapioca peel and Paddy straw (3:1) and Pomegranate and Paddy straw (1:3), it was observed in days and days respectively. No mycelium ramification was observed in Pomegranate peel (100%) and subsequently no fruiting body formation. Longest day of days was took in Pomegranate peel and Paddy straw (3:1) substrate ratio to complete mycelium ramification. The appreciable days to complete mycelium ramification of oyster mushroom on different substrates might be due to variation in their chemical composition and C: N ratio as reported in several studies ( Bhatli etal, (1987); Shah etal (2004) and Mondal etal, (2010) ). The findings of the mycelium ramification days agree with those of Ahmed (1998) who stated that Pleurotus ostreatus completed the mycelium run in days. Cropping Period Cropping Period is an important factor for growing mushroom commercially (Islam etal, 2008). Remarkable difference was found in stimulation of the cultivated beds on the formation of Primordia in different peel substrate ratios (Table 2). It was observed that the Primordal initiation of Control Paddystraw(100%) substrate was appeared in days. This was compared this with the other ratio substrates and found that Tapioca peel (100%) was about approaching to Control, it was observed in days whereas in other ratio substrates Tapioca peel and Paddy straw(3:1); (1:1) and (1:3),the Primordial initiation was observed to be appeared in days, days and days respectively. The highest time (43.51days) was observed in Pomegranate peel and Paddy straw (3:1) for the appearance of Primordial initiation. Ahmed (1998) who stated that Pleurotus spp. completed the Primordial formation in days and Randive (2012) reported the Pinhead formation in 12 th day of cultivation. The interim period of Primordial formation and Harvesting varied remarkably among the different ratio substrates (Table 2). The lowest time of harvesting period (2.4 days) was observed in Control Paddy straw (3:1) and this was compared with other ratio substrates and found that Pomegranate peel and Paddy straw(1:1) and (1:3) was observed to be similar with the Control. The highest day (3.2 days) was required in case of Tapioca peel (100%) substrates. The total time of cropping (T) was calculated from the sum of Primordial initiation and Primordial formation to Harvesting is shown in the table 2. The Total Cropping duration days for first harvest of days was observed in Control Paddystraw (100%) which was compared with experimental ratio substrates, and found that Tapioca peel (100%) took days which was more or less equal to 223

5 Table 2.Duration of Mycelium ramification and Cropping period of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus florida) using different peels Peel Substrates Tapioca:Paddy straw (1:3) MRt-time required to complete Mycelium Ramification;Pt-time required for Primordal initiation;ht- time required from the primordial initiation to the harvesting time;t-total time required for first cropping. control. The findings of Bugarski etal., (1994) and Mondal etal., (2010) who found that the first fruiting occurred on different days depending on substrates are in agree with the results of the present work. Total Yield The yield was maximum in substrate bed prepared from Control Paddystraw (100%), recorded MRt in days Pt in days Oyster mushroom Ht in days Duration 1 st cropping in days T=Pt+Ht Paddy straw (control) 100% Pomegranate peel (100%) NR Pomegranate:Paddystraw(3:1) Pomegranate:Paddystraw(1:1) Pomegranate:Paddystraw(1:3) Tapioca peel (100%) Tapioca:Paddy straw (3:1) Tapioca:Paddy straw (1:1) gram/bed with biological efficiency of % which was compared with other ratio substrates and found that Tapioca peel (100%) showed nearly similar results with control and recorded gram/bed with biological efficiency of % followed by Tapioca peel and paddy straw (3:1), which recorded 650.1gram/ bed with BE of 65.01%. shown in figure1. Figure 1. Effect of different peel substrates on the Mean yield of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus florida) for 224

6 Minimum Mean yield was observed in Pomegranate peel and paddy straw (3:1) which recorded gram/bed with least BE of 8.031%, this is probably due to lower nitrogen content in Pomegranate peel than Tapioca peel and lower proportion of cellulose and compactness on wetting. The yield performance of present study was found to be lower than the previous work done by Banik and Nandi, (2004) who reported enhancement of mushroom yield by incorporation of other lignocellulosic wastes. Paddy straw appeared to be the common and superior substrate for cultivation of Oyster mushroom when compared to most other lignocelluloses wastes (Obodai etal, 2003) but its yield performance was reduced when mixing with the peels. This might be due to unalleviated condition of optimal nutritional requirement of mushroom on paddy straw with addition of the peels. Being heaviness of References 1. Ahmed S. (1998). Development of mushroom varieties suitable for rural level in Bangladesh. Report presented in BARC Annual Review programme. pp Alemu F (2013). Assessment of wild Mushrooms and Wood Decaying Fungi. Inter. j. Adv.Res.8: Ahmed M, AbdullahI N, Uddin AhmedII K, BhuyanIII M.H. M.B (2013). Yield and nutritional composition of oyster mushroom strains newly introduced in Bangladesh. Pesq. Agropec. Bras.48(2). 4. Adebayo GJ, Banjo NO, Abikoye ET (2009). Evaluation of yield of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) grown on cotton waste and cassava peel. Afri.J.Biotec. Vol. 8(2), Banjo NO, Abikoy ET, Kukoye (2004). Comparison of three nutrient supplements pomegranate peel, thus it was not able to provide proper aeration and its excess water retention capacity to the combined substrate fails to support yield. Conclusion It was found that Tapioca peel (100%) provide similar results when compared with Control Paddystraw (100%). So it was considered as an alternate substrate for Paddy straw for the cultivation of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus floida). Utilization of fruit and vegetable peels as the substrate for cultivation of Pleurotus floida will, therefore, reduce the cost of mushroom production and will recycle the peels in an eco-friendly way to get rid of its disposal problem. The present work also suggests that small scale mushroom farms or enterprises can maintain consistency in the supply of nutritionally enhanced mushrooms throughout the year under uncontrolled environment conditions. used to sawdust during the cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius). Niger. J. Microbio. 18: Bano Z., Rajaarathnam S., Nagaraja N (1979). Some aspects on the cultivation of Pleurotus flabellatus in India. Mushroom Science 10(2): Bandopadhyay S (2013). Effect of supplementing rice straw with water hyacinth on the yield and nutritional qualities of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.). Micologia Aplicada Inter. 25: Banik S. and Nandi R (2004). Effect of supplementation of rice straw with biogas residual slurry manure on the yield, protein and mineral contents of oyster mushroom. Indian Crops Production 20: Bhavani D., Nair M (1989). Observation of the biology and cultivation of 225

7 Volvariella volvocea. Mushroom Science 12(2): Bhatli M.A., Mir F.A., Siddiq (1987). Effect of different bedding materials on relative yield of mushroom in the successive flushes. Pak.J.Agri.Res 8(3) Bugarski D., Gvozdenovic D., Takae A. and Cervenski J. (1994). Yield and yield components of different strains of oyster mushroom. Savremena Poljoprivreda (Yugoslavia). 42 (1): Islam M.Z., Rahman MH., Hafiz F(2009). Cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus flabellatus) on different substrates. Int. J. Sustain. Crop Prod. 4: Lakshmipathy G., Jayakumar A., Meera A., Raj S.P., (2012). Optimization of Growth parameters for Increased Yield of the Edible Mushroom Calocybe indica. Afri.J.Biotec. Vol. 11(11), Mshandete A. M. (2011).Cultivation of Pleurotus HK-37 and Pleurotus sapidus (Oyster mushrooms) on cattail weed (Typha domingensis) substrate in Tanzania. Inter.J.Res.Biol.Sci. 1: Mondal S. R., Rehana M. S., Noman M. S., Adhikary (2010). Comparative study on growth and yield performance of Oystermushroom (Pleurotus florida) on different substrates. Agro technology Discipline, Khulna university, Khuluna- 9208, Bangaladesh. 16. Metha KB (1985). Studies on physiology and cultivation of Pleurotus sapidus (Schulzer) Kaleh. Ph.D thesis, HPKVV, COA. Solan, India. 17. Obodai M., J. Clenandokine K.A., Vowotor (2003). Comparative study on the growth and yield of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom on different lingno cellulosic by products. J. Indus. Microbio. 30: Poppe J., Hofte M (1995). Twenty wastes for twenty cultivated mushrooms. Mushroom Science. 14(1): Randive SD (2012). Cultivation and study growth of oyster mushroom on different agricultural waste substrates and its nutrient content. Pelaggia ResearchLibrary. Advances in Appld. Sci. Res. 3(4): Rashad M., Abdou HM., Mahmuoud AE., Nooman MU (2009). Nutritional analysis and enzymes activites of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on Citrus limonium and Carica papaya wastes. Aus. J. Basic App. Sci. 3(4): Saidu M., Salim M.R., Yuzir M.A.M (2011). Cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp) on palm oil mesocarp fibre. Afri. J. Biotechnol. 71: Shah Z.A., Ashraf., Ishtszaq (2004). Comparative study on cultivation and yield performance of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on different substrates (Wheatstraw, leaves and saw dust). Pak. J. Nutri. 3(3) : Singh M.P., Singh V.K (2011). Yield performance and nutiritonal analysis of Pleurotus citrinopileatus on different agro wastes and vegetable wastes. Proceedings of the 7 th International conference in mushroom biology and mushroom products (ICMBMP7). 24. Tagwira M (1999). Effects of supplementing substrates with water hyacinth for mushroom cultivation. Proceedings of Annual World Congress on Zeri Emissions. 25. Wood DA (1985). Useful biodegradation of lignocelluloses. Ann. Proc. Phytochem. Soc. E., 26: