Fungi 101. Bob Armantrout

Transcription

1 Fungi 101 Bob Armantrout April 9 th, 2011

2 Agenda 10:00 10:15am - Housekeeping/Group Introductions 10:15 11:00am - Presentation Log Cultivation/Mushroom Lifecycle 11:00 11:45am Noon Hands On Log Preparation 1- Drilling/Plugging 11:45am 12:30pm Lunch 12:30 1:00pm - Presentation Mycoremediation/Mushroom Patch 1:00 2:00pm - Hands On Log Preparation 2 Plugging/Sealing 2:00pm - Adjourn

3 Paul Stamets & Fungi Perfecti Is the author of numerous books and papers on the subject of mushroom identification and cultivation, Stamets has discovered four new species of mushrooms. He is an advocate of the permaculture system of growing, and considers fungiculture a valuable but underutilized aspect of permaculture. He is also a leading researcher into the use of mushrooms in bioremediation, processes he terms mycoremediation and mycofiltration. Is involved in two NIH-funded clinical studies on cancer and HIV treatments using mushrooms as adjunct therapies. Has filed numerous patents on the antiviral, pesticidal, and remediative properties of mushroom mycelia, his work has been called pioneering and visionary. Source: Wikipedia

4 Log Cultivation Ha s been practiced with Shiitakes for about 1000 years first in China The harder to wood, the longer time until fruiting begins, but the longer it lasts 3 processes Drilling Plugging Sealing Use a tree species that the mushroom you want to grow naturally grows on Mushrooms can adapt to grow on species not normally found in their natural domain Logs should be 3 to 8 inches in diameter, 3 to 4 feet long, free of decay, and fairly straight

5 Lentinula edodes Shiitake Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) typically favor thicker- barked hardwoods like oak, although they will colonize and fruit on many scrub hardwoods as well like sweetgum, alder and birch.

6 Drilling Need about 40 holes per 3 to 4 foot log Drill with a 5/16 bit Drill hole 50% deeper than the dowel is long about 2 deep

7 Plugging Dowels are inoculated with mycelium prior to plugging Insert one dowel per hole, pound in with a rubber mallet Push mycelium or grain bits into hole with dowel

8 Sealing Seal plugs by dabbing wax on plugs and ends with a paintbrush Holes are sealed with cheese wax (or beeswax) to prevent moisture loss

9 Safety First! Wear safety glasses when using power tools Wear work gloves when appropriate Hot wax can burn, it can catch on fire if heated over 140F Move yourself and logs carefully as there will be others sharing your workspace

10 Log Care Place logs in a shady, moist location Look for places where wild mushrooms do well Use breathable material to cover your logs to conserve moisture Water as necessary to prevent drying out Let bark dry out between waterings to discourage molds

11 Initiating the Flush Logs typically ready to fruit in 9 12 months after inoculation, depending on diameter Mottling will appear on the ends as colonization reaches the point that fruiting can occur Submerge logs in water for 24 hours, or water them for them a 24 hour period. Avoid chlorinated water After soaking, leave logs untarped and water 2-3 times a day

12 Harvesting Mushrooms should start to form within 2 weeks of initiation Typically harvestable about 2 weeks after they first appear An estimated 1-2% of individuals are allergic to mushrooms and experience stomach upset Mushrooms should be cooked before being eaten After fruiting, logs will go dormant for a period of 2 to 8 weeks. Reinitiate after the dormant period 4-6 flushes per year, during the spring and fall are typical, depending on conditions

13 March 18th Harvesting Shiitake March 25th March 20th March 27th

14 Harvesting

15 Nutritional Profile Most fresh mushrooms are 90% water Rich in protein (30 to 35%) for shiitakes High in antioxidants Good source of Band D vitamins High in Fiber Good source of essential minerals aids immune system - selenium, copper, potassium, sodium, & phosphorus Mushrooms can have antiviral, antibacterial, and anti cancer properties dependent on the species Mushrooms should be cooked before they are eaten

16 Mushroom Life Cycle

17 Mushroom Life Cycle

18 Nature s Internet? Covering most all landmasses on the planet are huge masses of fine filaments of living cells from a kingdom barely explored. More than 8 miles of these cells, called mycelia,, can permeate a cubic inch of soil. Fungal mats are now known as the largest biological entities on the planet, with some individuals covering more than 20,000 acres. Of the estimated 1 2 million species of fungi about 150,000 species being mushrooms we have catalogued only about 50,000, of which 14,000 have been identified with a species name.

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20 Nature s Internet? The vast, interconnected mantle of mycelia reacts quickly to the availability of plant and animal debris, recycling carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, iron and other essential elements. When storms, floods, volcanoes, or other natural disasters wreak havoc on the environment, fungal champions come to the rescue, capturing debris with mycelium and beginning to recycle. Mycelium can transport nutrients to trees of different species. Shaded trees are transferred sugars from trees that are getting more light, and are better able to photosynthesize sugars. The more the tree was shaded, the more sugar (energy) was transferred.

21 Homologous Structures?

22 Mycorestoration Mycofiltration - the process of using mushroom mycelium mats as biological filters. Mycoforestry the use of fungi to sustain forest communities Mycoremediation the use of fungi to degrade or remove toxins from the environment Mycopesticides the use of fungi to combat pest insect species

23 Mycofiltration The use of mycelium as a membrane for filtering out unwanted or dangerous substances in the environment Can filter out: Pathogens including protozoa, bacteria, and viruses Chemical Toxins oil spills Silt Can be installed around: Farms Watersheds Factories Roads Stressed, harmed, or malnourished habitats Uses debris like tree trimmings, paper waste, farm waste, brewery waste

24 Mycoforestry can: Mycoforestry Help preserve native forests Aid in the recovery and recyling of woodland debris Enhance the survival rate of replanted trees Strengthen recovering ecosystems Provide economic diversity

25 Mycorrhizae Ninety percent of plants have fungi called mycorrhizal (root fungus) living in special co-evolved compartments inside their roots or in the soil, intertwined with roots, making food for each other according to specialty and recycling wastes.

26 Mycoremediation Mycoremediation is the use of fungi to degrade or remove toxins from the environment Mushrooms act as molecular disassemblers when breaking down chemical contaminants Mushrooms have shown the ability to sequester radiation in the environment An experiment was performed in Washington state DOT yard using oysters to remediate contaminated soil

27 Mycoremediation

28 Mycopesticides

29 Mycopesticides

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31 Creating a Mushroom Patch December 2007

32 Creating a Mushroom Patch March 2008

33 Creating a Mushroom Patch May 2008

34 Creating a Mushroom Patch July 2008

35 Creating a Mushroom Patch

36 Creating a Mushroom Patch July 2008

37 Sterile Culture - January 2009

38 Sterile Culture - January 2009

39 Thank You! Bob Armantrout April 9 th, 2011