Supporting Information. Glutathione-stabilized fluorescent gold nanoclusters vary in their

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1 Supporting Information Glutathione-stabilized fluorescent gold nanoclusters vary in their influences on the proliferation of pseudorabies virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus Yanli Bai,,, Yanrong Zhou,,#, Huabing Liu,, Liurong Fang,,# Jiangong Liang, *,, and Shaobo Xiao *,, # State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan , P.R. China College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan , P.R. China # College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan , P.R. China Corresponding Authors * liangjg@mail.hzau.edu.cn vet@mail.hzau.edu.cn These authors contributed equally. *These authors jointly supervised this work. S1

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3 Table S1. Regents used in this study. Regents Annotation L-Histamine (His); Glutathione (GSH); Aladdin Reagent Company, Shanghai, China HAuCl 4 4H 2 O; 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT, 98%) Dulbecco s modified Eagle's medium (DMEM); Invitrogen Regent Co. Ltd. fetal bovine serum (FBS) Agarose Promega Co. Ltd. Ultrapure water Mill-Q, Millipore, 18.2 MΩ cm All chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade or better and commercially available. Table S2. The apparatus used to characterize Au NCs in this study. Apparatus Application Annotation Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES) Detect Au atom concentration Optima 5300DV, Perkin Elmer, USA JEM-2100F transmission electron microscope (at an acceleration voltage of 200 kv) Record TEM images JEOL, Japan S3

4 UV-2450 spectrometer Record UV-vis absorption spectra Shimadzu, Japan RF-5301PC fluorescence spectrometer Record fluorescent spectra Shimadzu, Japan Zetasizer Nano ZS90 dynamic light scattering (DLS) system Conduct particle size distribution measurements Malvern Instruments Ltd., Worcestershire, U.K. FLS920 Fluorescence Lifetime spectrometer Measure time decay Edinburgh, U.K Nicolet Avatar 360 spectrometer (in the range of cm -1 ; using the KBr pellet technique) Measure Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra Theromo, USA Escalab 250Xi photoelectron spectrometer (using monochromatic Al K α radiation) Record X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) Thermo, USA Figure S1. The fluorescence decay curves of Au NCs under excitation of 400 nm. S4

5 Figure S2. TEM image of as-prepared Au NCs. Figure S3. Enlarged fluorescent images of inactivation effect of Au NCs on PRRSV infection. (A-D) MARC-145 cells were maintained in DMEM with 2% FBS for 36 h. (E-H) MARC-145 cells were treated with 450 µm Au NCs for 2 h, then cultured with DMEM with 2% FBS for 36 h. (I-L) MARC-145 cells were infected with control PRRSV for 36 h. (M-P) MARC-145 cells were infected with Au NCs-PRRSV for 36 h. S5

6 Figure S4. Effect of Au NCs on PRV infection in MARC-145 cells. The virus titers were determined by plaque assay. The results were presented as mean ± SD from three independent experiments. Figure S5. Fluorescence microscopy images of Au NCs in PK-15 (A) and MARC-145 (B) cells. Approximately 80% confluent PK-15 or MARC-145 cells were incubated with Au NCs (450 µm) at 37 C for 2 h, followed by washing twice with PBS. Cell imaging was conducted with a confocal laser-scanning microscope under the excitation wavelength of 405 nm. S6

7 Figure S6. The effect of Au NCs on PRRSV genome replication. S7